...Community Policing Briarcliffe College Professor Toohey 12/17/14 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Community policing is a philosophy that promotes organizational strategies, which support the systematic use of partnerships and problem-solving techniques, to proactively address the immediate conditions that give rise to public safety issues such as crime, social disorder, and fear of crime. Throughout this reading you will get the full concept of “Community Policing” and how it benefits us civilians as a society. LITERATURE REVIEW This section of the essay consists of a grouped summary of published sources that I will be presenting, that I will be using for my paper, you will read about the pros of community policing such sources will be Wycoff and Skogan (1993), McElroy et al (1993), The United States National Institute of Justice (1992), and Bayley (1989). I chose these sources because all these people were all involved with police field. HISTORICAL ANALYSIS On December 17, 1996 the resolution was further amended to expand the Community Policing Task Force from 9 to 15 members. On November 4, 1997 the resolution was further amended (Resolution 73916) to create the Community Policing Advisory Board (CPAB). In 2004, Oakland voters approved Measure Y, he Violence Prevention and Public Safety Act which influenced how Oakland handled community policing and violence suppression. On April 13, 2005 Oakland adopted Resolution 79235. This resolution reiterated Resolution 72727...
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...Critical Issues in Policing Paper CJA/214 Robert Krause 12/15/2014 Critical issues when it comes to policing can be summed up in many different ways due to your experience, and education with police. Here we will discuss what I feel are the most critical. Here you will find a summary of the dangers of policing, less than lethal weapons, the technology used in policing, and issues with homeland securities and the connection with policing. When it comes to the dangers of policing, many people can only think of an officer getting shot. Even though that’s true, there are also other dangers. Another danger people don’t take in consideration is a cop being injured or even killed in a car chase or vehicle pursuit of a suspect. Officers lose their lives every day in vehicle related deaths. The most of all is the safety of their families. With laws put in place to insure that officers live in the community the serve and protect. Now officers have to worry about running into suspects they have apprehended when out doing normal things with their families. Other dangers like stress, and responding to disaster situations aren’t even taken into consideration by people when asked about the dangers of policing. With all the different dangers in policing, police have come up with different protocols to ensure their safety and also the safety of the offender. Using non lethal weapons such as tazers, combat skills, and mace help do just that. In the instance where an offender is resisting...
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...Policing Organizations in America Policing organizations in America have different roles and functions at the federal, local and, state level. These roles fall under responsibilities and operational strategies. Although the federal government may be similar to state and local organizations there is difference in the role of federal employee. An Example of a federal agency is the FBI, Homeland security, and the DEA. Employees of this organization are allowed to make an arrest in any state or county, most of the federal agencies “do not provide basic services of protection and criminal investigation” (Walker & Katz, 2008, p. 76), which makes them different from the local and state organizations. Officers employed with the state troopers or highway patrols are employed with the state. Employment at the state level means that an officer is not allowed to make an arrest outside of the state. Officers on the local level are not allowed to make arrest outside of the city or county that employs them. All of these Agencies do have to follow the same code and depend on the federal laws. Police organizations have five primary responsibilities all of these responsibilities work together, which means they have similar structure both operational and administratively. The smaller departments do not have as much management and are much simpler. According to Walker and Katz (2008) “the typical police department is a bureaucracy, with a hierarchical structure and an...
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...Policing Organizations in America Policing organizations in America have different roles and functions at the federal, local and, state level. These roles fall under responsibilities and operational strategies. Although the federal government may be similar to state and local organizations there is difference in the role of federal employee. An Example of a federal agency is the FBI, Homeland security, and the DEA. Employees of this organization are allowed to make an arrest in any state or county, most of the federal agencies “do not provide basic services of protection and criminal investigation” (Walker & Katz, 2008, p. 76), which makes them different from the local and state organizations. Officers employed with the state troopers or highway patrols are employed with the state. Employment at the state level means that an officer is not allowed to make an arrest outside of the state. Officers on the local level are not allowed to make arrest outside of the city or county that employs them. All of these Agencies do have to follow the same code and depend on the federal laws. Police organizations have five primary responsibilities all of these responsibilities work together, which means they have similar structure both operational and administratively. The smaller departments do not have as much management and are much simpler. According to Walker and Katz (2008) “the typical police department is a bureaucracy, with a hierarchical structure and an...
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...and financial report because of the size of the city and the number of residents that live in the city. Recently the mayor of Kelsey has put in a request to Kerry, the budget director. The request asks that the budget director needs to revamp the City of Kelsey budget for the upcoming year. Because of an increase in population in the City of Kelsey, statistics show an increase in crime in the City of Kelsey that is above the norm. This brings about a need for more police officers (University of Phoenix, 2011). Another issue is the recent reduction in federal pass-through funds, which will have a negative impact the budget for the City of Kelsey. At the federal level, a budget reform has put pressure on the City of Kelsey and other policing agencies to implement the use of federal funds within the allotted period. The mayor of Kelsey does not believe that state aid is an option for the City of Kelsey to make up the budget deficit, and increasing taxes does not appear to be an option because the state and local government does not want to increase taxes as this time. A final issue is a local club; the Sierra Club does not want more police officers and instead wants the City of Kelsey and the state to build more prisons to house the increase of inmates that result from increases in crime (University of Phoenix, 2011). The City of Kelsey budget is vital to the smooth operation of the city because any government organization or government centers their policies, resources,...
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...first, set up to answer similar challenges to the Gendarmerie in France, was the Royal Irish Constabulary model. It was close to the state military model, but distinctively styled as part of the civil power of the state and subordinated to the Magistracy. The Irish model was subsequently exported to Britain’s colonies and became the basis of forces such as the Indian Police Service. The Metropolitan Police was consciously created as a local force with a uniform that was deliberately different from the military and a mission that focused on prevention of crime rather than the repression of disorder. This state civilian model became the basis for all UK forces on the mainland and the principal influence on the development of East Coast US policing in the 1840s. As the three models have developed and evolved in different political systems over the years since 1800, they have both diverged and converged in various ways....
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...The development of law enforcement in colonial America was similar to that of England during the same time period. Law enforcement in colonial America was considered a local responsibility. As in England, the colonies established a system of night watch to guard cities against fire, crime, and disorder. In addition to night watch systems, there were sheriffs appointed by the governor and constables elected by the people. These individuals were responsible for maintaining order and providing other services. Nalla and Newman have described the following as problems plaguing colonial cities that were considered the responsibility of police: controlling slaves and Indians; maintaining order; regulating specialized functions such as selling in the...
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...NT OF J US CE TI Bureau of Justice Assistance IJ J O F OJJ D P B RO J US T I C E P Bureau of Justice Assistance Understanding Community Policing A Framework for Action MONOGRAPH S G OVC RA MS Office of Justice Programs N BJ A C E I OF F Bureau of Justice Assistance Understanding Community Policing A Framework for Action MONOGRAPH August 1994 NCJ 148457 Bureau of Justice Assistance This document was prepared by the Community Policing Consortium, supported by grant number 93–DD–CX–K005, awarded by the Bureau of Justice Assistance, U.S. Department of Justice. The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Bureau of Justice Assistance Response Center 633 Indiana Avenue NW., Washington, DC 20531 800–421–6770 The Bureau of Justice Assistance is a component of the Office of Justice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the National Institute of Justice, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and the Office for Victims of Crime. ii Monograph Acknowledgments The Bureau of Justice Assistance wishes to thank Stephen J. Gaffigan, Director of Operations, Community Policing Consortium for supervising and coordinating the preparation of this document with the Consortium Management Team. BJA also acknowledges the members...
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...How Marijuana Legalization Would Effect the Economy Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................... Page 3 Economic Growth …..................................................................................... Page 3 Policing Efforts …......................................................................................... Page 4 Illegal Immigrants …..................................................................................... Page 6 Tax Revenue …............................................................................................. Page 6 Conclusion …................................................................................................ Page 7 Bibliography …............................................................................................. Page 9 Introduction Marijuana is known to be the most used illegal drug in the world, with 17.4 million past-month users in 2010 (National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2010). The topic of legalizing marijuana is one for the masses, because almost everyone has an opinion on it, or at least something to say about it. The debate about whether to legalize marijuana has been going on for quite some time, but in the last could years, people have been beginning to understand the effects it could have on our economy in a positive way. The debate that many people bring to the table is one more related to the criminal...
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...paper seeks to explore the use of force among police officers in law enforcement in urban cities and how it relates with common variables regarding police officers. Some of the police variables that will be discussed include race, education, experience, age. These variables will be comprehensively studied so as to ascertain if there exists any relationship among these variables and use of force among police office in law enforcement. Introduction The use of force presents one of the most controversial sectors of law enforcement in any given society. Recent developments have escalated concern about police use of force. These ranges from properly publicized occurrences involving accusations of excessive force to the inception of violent policing whose frequent emphasis is on zero tolerance law enforcement. The kind of police actions that most provoke public concern include fatal shootings, severe beatings with fists or batons that result in hospitalization of the victims, choke holds that cause oblivion or even death. The use of force by law enforcement personnel is permitted by law under certain circumstances such as in self-defense or in defense of another individual or group of persons (Barrett 2008). Law enforcement officers receive direction from their respective agencies on when to apply force during law enforcement, but there exists no universal set of regulations that govern when law enforcers should use force and how much force should be inflicted in the line of duty....
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...Intro: After the terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001, President Bush and Congress reacted quickly and within one week of the attacks had adopted a joint resolution that gave the President the authority to use military force against any group or individual that was deemed to have any association with the al Qaeda terrorist network; specifically, any group or individual across the globe who was suspected of helping to aid in the planning of the attacks on the United States was now subject to the policing of the United States government (Jackson, 2010). This resolution and vow by President Bush and Congress to take on the war against terrorism resulted in massive military, law enforcement, and intelligence missions being launched in the Middle East and around other parts of the globe. These military and policing efforts resulted in thousands of detentions of citizens and non-citizens as potential suspects, however, in many cases, individuals being detained did not have formal charges placed against them, and they were merely being held on "suspicion" (Jackson, 2010). The most prominent example of indefinite detention of individuals is seen at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba (GITMO). This pattern of indefinite detention of individuals who in many cases have never been charged with a crime has led to a multitude of legal challenges as prisoners have attempted to evoke their rights of habeas corpus in an attempt to get U.S. Federal Courts to hear their cases (Jackson, 2010)...
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...4 II. Introduction and Summary………………………………….………….....Page 4 III. Literature Review………………………………………………………....Page 6 IV. Methods………………………………………………………….......….. Page 16 V. Socio-Historical Analysis………………………………………………. .Page 18 A. 20th Century 1. Lynching 2. Ku Klux Klan 3. Rodney King and the Los Angeles Riots 4. Matthew Shepard B. 21st Century 1. Post 9/11 2. Jena Six VI. Cause and Effect Analysis…………………………………………… ....Page 24 A. Causes 1. Prejudice a. Stereotypes b. Scapegoats c. Presence of Hate in American Culture d. Need for Status and Power 2. Reasons for Crime a. Sending a Message b. Thrill Seeking c. Defensive B. Effects 1. Psychological Trauma 2. Undo Social Progress 3. Community Unrest 4. Threat of Retaliation VII. Descriptive Analysis……………………………………………….........Page 30 A. Description of Victims 1. Bias against a Particular Race 2. Bias against a Particular Religion 3. Bias against a Particular Sexual Orientation 4. Bias against a Particular Ethnicity/National Origin 5. Bias against a Disability B. Description of Offenses and Offenders This must be your new section? VIII. Comparative Analysis…………………………………………………. Page 36 A. United States Justice Department Definition of Hate Crime B. International Justice Systems Definition of Hate Crime IX. Expectations for the Future……………………………………………. .Page 38 X. Recommendations of Social Policy……………………………………. Page 38 XI. Summary and Conclusion……………………………………………...
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...Intro: After the terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001, President Bush and Congress reacted quickly and within one week of the attacks had adopted a joint resolution that gave the President the authority to use military force against any group or individual that was deemed to have any association with the al Qaeda terrorist network; specifically, any group or individual across the globe who was suspected of helping to aid in the planning of the attacks on the United States was now subject to the policing of the United States government (Jackson, 2010). This resolution and vow by President Bush and Congress to take on the war against terrorism resulted in massive military, law enforcement, and intelligence missions being launched in the Middle East and around other parts of the globe. These military and policing efforts resulted in thousands of detentions of citizens and non-citizens as potential suspects, however, in many cases, individuals being detained did not have formal charges placed against them, and they were merely being held on "suspicion" (Jackson, 2010). The most prominent example of indefinite detention of individuals is seen at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba (GITMO). This pattern of indefinite detention of individuals who in many cases have never been charged with a crime has led to a multitude of legal challenges as prisoners have attempted to evoke their rights of habeas corpus in an attempt to get U.S. Federal Courts to hear their cases (Jackson, 2010)...
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...Managerial Practices Executive Summary Brendan Moaratty CJA/484 June 15, 2015 Gina Craft Managerial Practices Executive Summary Organizational effectiveness is the ability of a particular organization to run as a well-oiled machine that meets goals set in place for success throughout an organization. An organization must work efficiently; therefore obtainable goals must be set within achievable timeframes in order to meet all expectations of the organizations main purpose. This allows an organization to produce productive work with a desired effect throughout the organization without wasteful use of valued assets (Charrier, K. 2007). Organizational effectiveness is imperative when managing each area of criminal justice personnel in a law enforcement capacity, courts, or correctional facility personnel. Each of the settings is different, but the behavior concepts for each department of a law enforcement function must be the same when it comes to managing a department properly and professionally. Organizational effectiveness is where each member of the organization works as a team efficiently and effectively to the best of their ability for mission success. The desired outcome of organizational effectiveness is to utilize all the resources necessary to complete the mission, but at little cost of man hours, allotted time, necessary materials, and energy to the organization as a whole. This entails a productive team to obtain all goals without having an adverse effect on...
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...of the state to its citizens as a ‘social right’ agreed between the government and its citizens, (Kempa, Carrier, Wood, and Shearing, 1999) enforced through policing, establishing a line of accountability between the publicly funded police and their citizens, providing services on a non-profit basis, (Department of Criminology, 2009/2010). Bayley and Shearing, (1996) describe public policing as government ‘monopoly’ which in recent times has inevitably undergone restructuring enabling private security to blossom. Significantly, the boundaries between the roles of the public police and private security have become less clear in recent years, despite the varying degrees to which the private security and the public police are regulated, creating accountability gap between the ‘highly regulated’ public police and the ‘barely regulated’ private security. Johnston, (1999) describes the term ‘policing’ as a ‘social function’ while the term ‘police’ refers to agents. According to Johnston, (1999) policing is a form of social control. As many aspects of life can be influenced by a social control, Cohen, (1985, as cited in Innes, 2003:13; Johnston, 1999) defines social control in the context of policing as organised (societal) response to deviant behaviour. Reiner (1997, as cited in Johnston, 1999) describes policing as surveillance and threat of punishment or sanction. This role is usually carried out by agents funded by the state known as the public police along side other...
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