...How Did Stalin Reinforce His Dictatorship in the 1930’s? During the 1930’s, Stalin engaged in a range of measures to bolster his personal control of the USSR. This included purging Russia of anyone who he considered a threat or disloyal, building a personality cult and the introduction of a new constitution for the USSR in 1936. In 1934, the use of purges were employed after the murder, most probably instructed by Stalin himself, of the leader of the Leningrad Communist Party, Kirov. The murder of Sergei Kirov was announced as part of a terrorist conspiracy involving Trotsky and was then used to arrest Zinoviev, who was given 10 years in prison, and Kamenev who received a 15 year sentence. This lead to an outbreak of purges by which anybody suspected of disloyalty was murdered, sent to prison camps, or put on public show trials at which they pleaded guilty to crimes that were not humanly possible. In reality, Kirov was most likely murdered by Stalin due to his higher levels of popularity and the incident at the 1934 part congress where he was tipped as a future leader. Kirov was also a critic of collectivisation and disagreed with Stalin’s style. The Communist party was the political party most damaged by the effects of these purges. 20% of the party was purged, accused of being “trostskyies”, and were arrested, shot or sentenced to hard labour. Stalin enforced these purges with the use of the emergency decrees, which gave him extra powers to the NKPD to pursue traitors...
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...stay in the know every minute of the day. Mass production of print media was made possible by Jonannes Gutenburg in the 15th century with the invention of the movable type press, until then books were hand written and no two were ever the same. While a hand operated press produced 480 pages per hour, in the 1800’s a German printer, Friedrich Koenig, hooked a steam engine to a printing press and industerlized printed media. By the 1930’s printing presses could produce 3,000 pages an hour. The American people could now get the local news and gossip via newspaper. In 1837 Samuel Morris patent the electric telegraph, thus paving the road for broadcast mass media and putting an end to physical transportation of messages. The telegraph made communication possible through telegraph lines and in 1858 the first transatlantic lines were laid, making communication between the United States and Europe almost instant. By the 1920’s the first major form of non-print mass media was readily available. The radio was less expensive than a telephone and large numbers of Americans could listen to the same event at the same time. The radio was an advertisers dream. By the 1940’s the television was introduced and quickly became the dominant form of mass media. For the first time the American people were...
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...important that one knows the reasoning behind the illegalization of cannabis. According to Pete Guither, Cannabis was made illegal in the 1930's due to anti-Mexican feelings, personal greed, yellow journalism, and corrupt politics. Today, in the new millennium, the Anti-Cannabis movement is mostly caused by propaganda left over from the early to late 1930's. Our countries leaders simply don't know better. They have effectively been brainwashed by the very organization they are a part of. The history of the prohibition of cannabis undoubtedly shows this. To understand why Cannabis should be legalized, one must understand why it was made illegal In the first place. We call the beginning of the 20th century ‘the gilded age’ because of the sense of false economic security. Sure, the numbers looked good on paper, but morality was at an all time low at the time. In the inside, corporations were cheaper then a $2 carnival game. Henry J Anslinger was not an uncommon person for the 1930's. He was racist, hated Mexicans, and wanted to use the government for his own benefit. He was a pro-Nazi, and had skills in rhetoric, propaganda, and yellow journalism. Anslinger had ties with two large influences in Cannabis prohibition: William Randolph Hearst, and Lammont DuPont. These two men were the owners of the two largest super-companies in the 30’s. William Randolph Hearst was the owner of Hearst Newspaper Company. He had privately invested large sums of money in the Lumber industry...
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...of war, covert operations and military training. War films do not always, however, depict battles. Sometimes, war films may choose to focus on the day to day military or civilian life in wartime without necessarily depicting battles. War film may be fictional, based on history, biographical, alternative history, or even docudrama. Many historical events particularly since mid 1800’s to the end of the cold war have inspired this film genre. The shifting political climate in America in the last half of the 1930’s for instance influenced the rise of the war film genre (Maland 159). War films more often than not been categorized as wartime propagandas other than classic war films or historical documents. Maland also describes the shift of attention was a change in the Communist party's political strategy that influenced war films during that era. War films that rose in the Second World War era were particularly very much associated with war propaganda. Why we Fight (1942-1945), Air force (1943) and Men at War (1957) are three war films from this time that were thought to be tools of wartime propaganda. A famous actor during that era, Charlie Chaplin, depicted the role of Adolf Hitler in the war film The Great Dictator. "After the war broke out- and during the time Chaplin was shooting The Great Dictator- American public opinion gradually began shifting from an isolationist to an interventionist position" (Maland 163). The three are all American war films made in the Second World...
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...Jews occupied land in German and its area. By 1945, 2/3 of the Jewish population had been killed * By the 19th Century: German-Jews had won greater acceptance in that they made very important contributions to the intellectual, financial, educational and cultural life of the nation. * During WW1, 100 000 Jewish soldiers died during the conflict. * In the Weimar Republic, Jews enjoyed equal rights with all other Germans and some even rose to high positions in the civil service and the government. * Late 19th Century: Jews represented a challenge to the concept of the nationalism, especially when there was a development of the Volkisch movement. * Bt the start of the 20th Century, ideology of the racially pure was being embraced by all, and the Jews were not part of it. * German Historian Heinrich von Treitschke in the 1880’s said that ‘The Jews are our misfortune’ — A quote which was quickly adapted by the Nazis in the 1930s * Hitlers hatred of the Jews was at the heart of his view of the world — an ‘obsession’ that never waned * In Hitlers view, civilisation and nations decline when they failed to maintain the purity of their race. * Fundamental duty of government in Hitler’s mind was to preserve the racial purity of the state. In this way, it...
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...The Author Guida Diehl was the founder and leader of the Newland Movement, which pre-dated the Nazi Party by at least six years. She came from a nationalist and anti-Semitic family, and only joined the Nazi Party in August 1930. Following the advice of Adolf Stocker, who hated Jews and supported the emancipation of unmarried women, she attended social-work school and later worked as a teacher of social work in Frankfurt. Diehl constantly preached a spiritualist, quasi-Christian, and nationalist message, that went against the postwar values of Americanism, materialism, and mammonism, which threatened to overpower Volk, God, and fatherland. Diehl wholly supported National Socialist goals, the Nazi’s anti-communism and anti-Semitism, and was particularly concerned with stemming the tide of moral ‘filth’ including the campaign to legalize abortion. Diehl was installed as ‘cultural advisor’ in the Nazi Party, but by 1936 had lost any appreciable political influence or organizational role. The Document in its Historical Context The title of the document undergoing analysis is, “A New Type of Woman”, and “Principles of the National Socialist Women’s Organizations” (the document), both from the book ‘Die deutsche Frau und der National Sozialismus (The German Woman and National Socialism), and published in 1932. “A New Type of Woman”, as written by Guida Diehl, outlines what characteristics a German woman should possess, and what type of woman she should aspire to become....
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...of women that held professional jobs in the Soviet Union. While the study shows that women are the minority of the workforce in professional jobs, this study was made in Washington, D.C. and published in the U.S. during the cold war. An American study during the cold war would be biased against the Soviet Union and would want to portray the Soviet Union in a negative light. In this case, inequality in their workforce. While this source contradicts document 3, it is not creditable. Evidence that women did not fully achieve equality is in doc 7. Document 7 was made in 1980, decades after the establishment of Romania as a communist state. Women's struggle for rights continued after the establishment of a communist government and well into the late twentieth century. Women in Romania were faced with many more responsibilities expected of them compared to men. Women were expected to work during that day and provide food for their families at the end of the day. Working class women had to put with these struggles as the first lady of the country, Elena Ceausescu lived...
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...A term paper discussing Russian music Presented to: Michel El Zoghbi Prepared by: Maher Moubarak Mirna El Khoury Outline: 1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Literature Review 4. Centuries 5. Instruments 6. Effects on Russian Music: * Effects of War * Problems caused by Russian Climate 7. Conclusion 8. References Abstract: This term paper will be discussing the history of the Russian music and its evolvement. Moreover, it will include some native instruments and the effect of weather, war, and religion on the Russian music. Introduction: Beginning from the sacred music of the Russian Orthodox Church and passing through diverse centuries, the Russian music was and will always be legacy in the history of international music. Two major genres formed the early history of the Russian music. These genres are: the secular music used for entertainment and the sacred music of the Orthodox Church . The sacred music draws its tradition from the Byzantine Empire. Neumes were developed for musical notation, and as a result several examples of medieval sacred music have survived, among them two stichera composed by Tsar Ivan IV in the 16th century. Literature Review Folk music is certainly the oldest type of Russian music. The roots of Russian folk music dates back to the middle of the first millennium AC. Russian music started with the Slavic tribes that settled in the European part of the current territory of Russia. Those...
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...A term paper discussing Russian music Presented to: Michel El Zoghbi Prepared by: Maher Moubarak Mirna El Khoury Outline: 1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Literature Review 4. Centuries 5. Instruments 6. Effects on Russian Music: * Effects of War * Problems caused by Russian Climate 7. Conclusion 8. References Abstract: This term paper will be discussing the history of the Russian music and its evolvement. Moreover, it will include some native instruments and the effect of weather, war, and religion on the Russian music. Introduction: Beginning from the sacred music of the Russian Orthodox Church and passing through diverse centuries, the Russian music was and will always be legacy in the history of international music. Two major genres formed the early history of the Russian music. These genres are: the secular music used for entertainment and the sacred music of the Orthodox Church . The sacred music draws its tradition from the Byzantine Empire. Neumes were developed for musical notation, and as a result several examples of medieval sacred music have survived, among them two stichera composed by Tsar Ivan IV in the 16th century. Literature Review Folk music is certainly the oldest type of Russian music. The roots of Russian folk music dates back to the middle of the first millennium AC. Russian music started with the Slavic tribes that settled in the European part of the current territory of Russia. Those...
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...Western Ideals and World War II Jahaun Abrams HIS/114 March 26, 2011 Robert Brown Western ideals and World War II Hundreds of philosophers and historians possess the concern of how the modern world has come into being. Many issues, from The Great War to World War II have effects society today. This paper will trace the rise of totalitarianism in Germany as well as other European countries between 1918 and 1939, and the contrast to political developments in Great Britain, France, and the United States. In this paper the subject to explain is the Holocaust in the context of World War II and Western ideals, including the roots of anti-Semitism and intolerance of those considered inferior in Germany, a comparison of anti-Semitic actions in Germany, also an explanation of The Final Solution. This paper concludes with a description of the aftermath of World War II. After World War 1, the German government was facing thousands of difficult problems as society search for someone to blame for the defeat in the First World War. Extremists from all sides sent threats to revolts. The extreme inflation causes Thousands of Germans to have any faith in the German government. Hitler gains control of the Nazi party in the 1920s, an organization, which is anti-Semitic. Hitler gains popular political credibility by placing the responsibility on the Jews for Germany's defeat in the First World War. Hitler also blames Jews for Germany’s economic problems. “What is less understood...
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...Historical content Growth of German cinema in Weimar Germany • German film industry grew under the Wiemar Republic. • Economic stability translated into growing cinema attendances due to having enough money to pay for a ticket • Called the Golden age for German Cinema • Cinematography was considered highly artistic and used unusual camera angles, abstract shot composition, symbolism and dramatic lighting • At the end of the 1920's German film industry made a significant shift from expressionist inspired films • Expressionism films were losing appeal among film enthusiasts • Germany was swinging towards escapist films and films that promoted German nationalism • German film output peaked in 1930 • Cinema attendances rose throughout the Depression years • Cinema allowed the unemployed to escape the misery of their lives and go somewhere warm. The Berlin Olympics • Berlin was awarded to host the 1936 Olympics • This presented Hitler with a great propaganda opportunity • He wanted the world to see that Germany was peaceful • As a result of Antisemitism there were calls to boycott the Berlin Olympics • In the months leading up to the games Hitler tried to create an image of a peaceful nation by ordering the media to refrain from attacking the Jews • Olympic Stadium seated 100,000 • German Olympic team were the first to train full-time before competition • First time an Olympic Torch was...
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...History of Journalism in the Philippines Journalism has been a part of the Roces family. Their involvement had shifted from being mere publishers to defenders of press freedom. As we take a look in the history of journalism, we are to find out how the family became elemental in the development of the field. We areto learn how their contributions made them a significant dynasty in Philippine Print Media. Our glimpse of Philippine Journalism will be divided into seven era: Early Years The history of journalism in the Philippines goes back to the 16th century, the same period when England and Europe were starting on the proliferation of community newspapers. It was in the year 1637 when the "Father of Filipino Printing", Tomas Pinpin, launched the first Philippine newsletter called "Successos Felices" (Fortunate Events). The publication was written in Spanish and contained a 14-page report on current events. In 1799, following Pinpin's debut in printing, he again came up with his Hojas Volantes or "flying sheets". It was titled "Aviso Al Publico" (Notices to the Public), which served the Spaniards and had a role comparative to a "town crier." Surprisingly, it took a gap of a little more than a decade before the first actual newspaper, "Del Superior Govierno," was launched by Gov. Fernandez del Forgueras on August 8, 1811. It was the so-called first regularly issued publication that reported developments about Spain and Europe. It was also the first newspaper that included in...
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...Images were created during war-times showing fear and conflicts between Japan and United States (Miles 1). This reason for this was to influence American people to change their view about the Japanese and make it seem like all Japanese people were enemies of America. The racial and prejudice acts started to develop fear and hatred to gain America’s support for the war (4). Despite all the propaganda or the truths, the Japanese-Americans were still transported to the camps. Japanese-Americans were forced into cruel living conditions. Therefore, the camps were not fit for survival; it created depression for them due to separation of family and loved ones lost. It destroyed their identities, values, and justice (Yates 1). Many Japanese-American children faced difficulty in education due to staying in camps for a long period of time. The lack of education not only made a struggle in their childhood, but in their adulthood as well (Foster). The Japanese endured the tough environment and the deceiving...
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...United States History 2 Final Review Guide Part I: Multiple Choice Chapter 20 ● Results of the Treaty of Versailles: - The Treaty of Versailles was signed after WWI in the palace of Versailles on June 28, 1919. Its goals were to "clean up the mess" after the war. The Treaty reestablished many boundaries and borders. Colonies, namely Germany's, were split among the Allied nations. Germany was disarmed since they were considered to be a threat by the rest of the world. Germany was also forced to take full responsibility for WWI, and were charged billions of dollars, which destroyed their economy. In the long run, the Treaty did more harm than good. Due to all the problems the Treaty caused for Germany, the country was left in a bad mood and was definitely looking at the rest of the world with a vengeful eye. In a way, it could be said that the Treaty of Versailles indirectly led to WWII. ● Explain the policy of Imperialism: - Simply put, imperialism is the quest for colonial empires. Countries go to other places in the world and claim them as their own. Countries imperialized for many reasons. Some countries wanted to establish military bases. An example of this is Hawaii, which the United States took over and used as a naval base. Other reasons countries imperialized were to gain global prestige, as well as to expand their territory. ● President Wilson's rules for peace after WWI: - After the war, President Woodrow Wilson sought to repair...
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...Hitler's gain in power over the next thirteen years. The recent history of post-war Germany, and the events that would follow were of perfect conditions for the rise of an extremist party such as the Nazis. World War One had left Germany in defeat. Germany was put under immense pressure by the treaty of Versailles, which contributed to the disastrous and politically unstable early twenties. Hitler was a strong and manipulating character, with extraordinary leadership skills and his party was very tactical. He was very much underestimated by opposing political parties. All of these factors lead to Hitler and his Nazis' becoming the sole political party in the Reichstag in 1933. The German Empire was formed in 1871 and soon became one of Europe?s most influential countries. It dominated in industrial and military power, and the German people were proud of their achievements. Up until the end of World War One, a Kaiser ruled Germany. From 1888 the Kaiser was Wilhelm II. He was very ambitious and militaristic and a threat to other countries. The German people were very accustomed to success, and when Germany was defeated in World War One, they were shocked and angry. The Weimar Constitution was drawn up to help Germany bounce back. This constitution was genuinely democratic but had some weaknesses. A president ruled with...
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