...philosophical, psychological, sociological, and nursing theories. There is no one theory that fits every situation, area of practice or practitioner” (Burges, 2009). There are a number of grand theories in nursing of which one is the Roy adaptation model. This model was developed by Sister Callista Roy as a framework for theory, practice, and research in nursing. An important fundamental assumption in the Roy Adaptation model is that the person is a bio-psycho-social being who is in constant interaction with a changing environment. Despite being considered a complex model, it has been used widely and several research studies have highlighted its importance and effectiveness in health care settings. Basic Assumptions of the Roy Adaptation Model: The basic assumptions of the Roy Adaptation model have been discussed below: * The person is a bio-psycho-social being who interacts constantly with a changing environment (MJC, 2012). * A person uses both innate and acquired mechanisms that are biological, psychological and social in origin to adapt to a changing world. * A person should adapt to respond positively to the environmental changes. * Integration of human and environment meanings...
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...Comprehensive Health History and Holistic Plan of Care Schizophrenia is a mental illness that is difficult to diagnose. In the prodromal period people exhibit suspicion and withdrawal along with an increase of unusual thoughts. The exact causes of the disease are unknown, but genetics, brain chemistry, and a variety of environmental factors are thought to be contributing factors. Stress, malnutrition, and viruses are environmental factors that may play a part in the development of disease (National Institute of Mental Health, n.d.). The patient is a 40 year old female who has experienced a schizophrenic episode including psychotic symptoms, (see psycho-social history) and was recently released from the psychiatric ward of a hospital in Detroit, Michigan. She is temporarily living with her mother. The patient has no history of mental health illness, and it is unclear how long she has been having psychotic symptoms. The patient’s mother reports that she was informed by the patient’s husband that the delusions have been going on for about six months. She is no longer delusional, and is refusing medication. She currently presents with a slight vitamin B12 deficiency and exhibits negative characteristics of schizophrenia, as well as exhibiting lethargy and anhedonia, which are symptoms of mental illness, and vitamin deficiency. I have used the data assessment tools of a comprehensive health history, a psychiatric nursing interview, and the brief...
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...NUR2300: Burn Injuries Ali Almalki University: Date: Burn Injuries Burn injuries often have a significant impact on all aspects of the patient’s life, leaving them with a variety of psychosocial as well as physical handicaps. Extensive research evidence indicates that burn patients suffer profound social and psychological effects such as anxiety and depression, with long-term implications on the patient’s recovery and quality of life. Accordingly, it has been suggested that burn patients should undergo both long and short term systematic mental health care, in order to minimize and avert these psychopathological responses. Moreover, psychological interventions helps burn patients and staff to reduce burdensome as well as decline depressive symptoms. Notably, dissatisfaction tendencies with post-burn body image and appearance, have been pinpointed as a leading cause of psychological impacts, resulting to protracted recovery and impaired social life. According to Thombs et al. (2007) burn scars following a deep dermal injury are often cosmetically disfiguring and impel the scarred individual to deal with an alteration both in body image and appearance. The patient is also forced to adjust to significant impairments in motion and limitations of activities. However, according to Henry (2011), it is the disfigurement or change in appearance and body image that has a profound impact on the patient. Lau & Van Niekerk (2011) note that the alteration...
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...many faceted realities of their self-concept and is influenced by: culture, spirituality, morals, values, and belief concepts. The relevance of one’s personal philosophy to nursing is significant. One’s philosophy directly affects the interpersonal relationship and care given to patients. For the purpose of this paper, the author will reflect and incorporate her nursing philosophy with the four nursing metaparadigms: person, environment, health and nursing, with the Roy Adaptation Model (RAM) and compare similarities’ and differences. Personal Philosophy The author’s personal philosophy is seeded in spirituality and seeing the world as interconnected with a divine source where all things are possible. She attempts to integrate the core concepts of her philosophy: intuition, altruism, holism, empathy, knowledge, compassion and advocacy into the nursing process. The author will define and demonstrate her nursing philosophy as applied to the metaparadigms. The person is viewed as a unique individual and energetic being (spirit) within a physical and integrated body system connected to a higher supreme source; environment: the internal and external state that influences the spiritual and physical person; health: a physical and mental state that is interdependent and works consciously and subconsciously to maintain wholeness; Nurse: the advocate: obligated to put aside personal philosophies and belief concepts if not beneficial or congruent to the persons preferred course...
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...Approaches to Social Problems Introduction Community Psychology and Public Health models both cover the same ground but with key differences in the explanation of causes and influences on mental illness. Community psychology has a primary focus on understanding, and working with, people in their wider social context. Public Health on the other hand is concerned with preventing disease and distress of all forms before they occur (Tutorial Letter 102 for PYC4811, 2015). It attempts through scientific investigation to understand such links between the socioenvironmental context and the individual and then to interrupt or otherwise alter these connections in an effort to reduce the likelihood of individuals engaging in high risk behaviours and being exposed to environments that could endanger their health (Tutorial Letter 102 for PYC4811, 2015). The central focus of both is focusing more on prevention rather than cure. In the era we are currently in most of the illnesses people suffer from are long term and chronic and therefore the need to see doctors so that is can be controlled is of high demand. The growing social upheaval and intensifying tensions in South Africa have evoked concern and panic among mental health professionals. In an attempt to lessen the anxiety many psychologists have boarded the community psychology wagon to cross the great divide between the comfortable consultancy room and the masses (Seedat et al, 1988). This is why Public Health and Community...
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...Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care to provide a nationally agreed statement of the rights of the patient (Dunbar, 2009). According to ACHR (2008), everyone who is seeking or receiving the care in Australian Health has some rights regarding the nature of that care. The main objective of these rights is to make sure that care provided is of high quality and safety (Dunbar,2009). The Charter allows patients, consumers, families, carers, clinicians and services providing health care to share an understanding of the rights of people receiving care (Dunbar, 2009). The rights that are included in Charter are as follows: • Access: I have right to health care. • Safety: I have right to receive safe and high- quality care • Respect: I have right to be shown respect, dignity, and consideration. • Communication: I have right to be informed about the services, treatment, options and costs in clear and open way • Participation: I have right to be included in the decisions and choices about the care. • Privacy: I have the right to privacy and confidentiality of my personal information. • Comment: I have right to comment on my care and to have my concerns addressed (Australian Charter of Healthcare Rights, 2008) The purpose of this essay is to look at the evidence- based approaches to psychosocial intervention offer better respect and participation for a patient with Coronary Heart disease and Depression than bio-medical intervention. As described in ACHR (2008), Respect...
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...ABSTRACT How positive expectant mothers have faced a new situation since the arrival of the antiretroviral treatments. How has become a long term condition which not affects physical healthy, but also causes psychological and social problems because of stigma and discrimination. These challenges present many discussions and dilemmas for HIV positive expectant mothers, which involve complex emotional and psychological issues. The aim of the study was to examine the psycho-social challenges to HIV positive expectant mothers. To undertake the literature review, are search was designed. Sources included databases (Kleb of science, Scopus, ProQuest and PubMed) as well as electronic journals (AIDS and behavior, AIDS Care and social sciences and medicine). The following search was conducted from July, August, September, and October 2014. The result shows that HIV positive mothers face such; kill/deliver a live baby? Kill/breast feed the baby and that if not where will I get the money for milk? Despite the importance of HIV and its public health impact, few studies have considered the psychosocial challenges and that greater support would be of benefit to face them in an affecting way. Therefore, the results of this review highlights the requirements to develop instructions to support the psychosocial challenges to HIV positive expectant mothers, to accurately reflect the views and challenges of the target users. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The study is undertaken as part of the research...
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...Quality of services for rape survivors in Kenya Sexual violence is a serious health and violation of human rights issue in Kenya. Sexual violence has adverse psycho-social and physical consequences on the survivors. Following the violence that erupted after the disputed general elections in 2008, the wave of sexual violence targeting women and girls were the clearest manifestations of the intensity of sexual violence in Kenya. Rape violence threatens the attainment of goals of global development and other national goals as contained in Vision 2030 as it leads to affecting the survivors and their health. Sexual violence is a significant risk factor that contributes towards the vulnerability of contracting HIV/AIDS. Sexual violence is an issue of concern in the transmission of the AIDS virus especially among adolescents. These require measures comprehensive to address the issues of sexual violence and meet the complex and diverse needs of the survivors (Bott, Guedes,Guezmes & Claramunt, 2004). Care for the survivors of the violence starts from medical treatment that begins with the management of physical injuries, emergency medication that will ensure the reduction of the risk of contracting viruses. The care also entails the provision of emergency medication that will shield the survivor from getting pregnant. Psycho-social services offered which include counseling to enable the victims deal with the shock and legal procedures for the victims to access justice. Services of...
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...dealing with any sort of vulnerable population it is important to consider that many of them will have co-occurring disorders. For example, many people who are substance abusers will often have an undiagnosed mental health issue that they may be self medicating for, or even a diagnosed disorder but have no insurance or way of getting the help him or her may need. The history of Mental illness is hard to believe. Many people went through enormous misery coping with the illness, especially with the public beliefs towards the mentally ill population. People with mental illness were seen as possessed by demons or animal- like. Because of this, the mentally ill were treated horrifically. The mentally ill were often treated similar to what was seen in the movies. Humans were tied down or put into strait jackets, beaten and tortured in an attempt to try and release the demons that possessed him or her. “In 1900, Clifford Beers, a Yale graduate and young businessman, suffered an acute breakdown brought on by the illness and death of his brother. Shortly after a suicide attempt, Beers was hospitalized in a private Connecticut mental institution. At the mercy of untrained, incompetent attendants, he was subject to degrading treatment and mental and physical abuses (Mental Health America, 2012). Because of what Beers went through, he decided to help make a better America. His struggles “sparked a...
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...The Role of a Community Counselor Donte Love Abstract The purpose of this paper is to address the role and function of the community counselor. Additionally, the framework of the community counseling model is taken into account, including some of the strategies used in community counseling. The Role of a Community Counselor Community counseling can be defined as “…a comprehensive helping framework that is grounded in multicultural competence and oriented toward social justice (Lewis, Lewis, Daniels, & D'Andrea, 2011). While this definition may serve as a starting point, any meaningful understanding of the role and function of a Community counselor requires more than a brief description or a cursory glance at a definition. The community counseling model is based on four fundamental assumptions and several concepts. The first assumption is: “1. Human development and behavior take place in environmental contexts that have the potential to be nurturing or limiting” (Lewis et al., 2011). This assumption refers to the connection between people and their environment and its potential to act as a source of support or as a limiting factor on their development. The community counseling model effectively deals with the environmental factors that have an influence on the development of problems that people encounter. “2. Even in the face of devastating stress, people who are treated respectfully can demonstrate surprising levels of strength and access resources that a pessimistic...
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...Mission Statements 1. Horizon Behavioral Health Horizon Behavioral Health is a non-profit organization. This organization offers services to clients with intellectual and psychological disabilities. Adult services include case management, crisis intervention, outpatient therapy, housing services, and psychiatric services. Several services are also offered for the child population. Those services are case management, early intervention, prevention and emergency services, outpatient services for the mentally ill and substance abuse, respite care, both in home and community, a parent center, diagnostic evaluation and assessment center, and day treatment centers. ("Horizon behavioral health," 2012) a. OUR MISSION http://horizonbh.org/ Our Mission is to support and promote the health, independence and self-worth of individuals and families in Central Virginia by providing a continuum of community-based prevention, early intervention, aftercare, and psycho-social rehabilitation services for persons affected by mental health, intellectual disabilities, substance abuse, and co-occurring disorders. ("Horizon behavioral health," 2012) b. We value • Each individual and family’s right to participate in decisions affecting his or her life • Each individual and family’s right to be safe from harm • providing timely services in the least-restrictive setting which are accessible, affordable, efficient, and adaptable to individual need • developing and retaining a well-trained and...
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...Dr Tomasz Kaźmierczak University of Warsaw The social policy responsibilities and tasks of local government in Poland Introduction In Poland, local social policy consists primarily of welfare assistance, i.e. the domain covering a range of universal (categorical) social services and means-tested monetary benefits. An important part of Poland's social security system, welfare assistance is guided by the principles of personalized support and discretional decision-making. Unlike the old-age and disability pension system - a pillar of the country's social security framework - which remains centrally administered, welfare assistance is almost entirely devolved to local government. Local authorities are wholly responsible for the provision and - to a lesser extent - financing of statutory welfare benefits and services. In addition, non-governmental organizations have taken on an increasing role in social service delivery over recent years, although this varies greatly by area. Regardless of local disparities in the availability of non-governmental service providers, authorities are obligated to cooperate with them. By contrast, the presence of profit-oriented companies in social service provision remains fairly marginal. Poland's current institutional regime, including its social-policy model (i.e. the organizational structure and instruments, the division of roles between the state, for-profit and non-profit sectors and the relationships between the state...
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...Essay Topic – PsychoEducation is a fundamental part of routine care for people with mental illness, using current literature, discuss the use of psychoeducation in mental health care under the following headings; Opportunities for psychoeducation in clinical settings Role of the nurse/therapist in providing psychoeducation Effectiveness of psychoeducation in enhancing mental health outcomes for people with mental disorders The current therapeutic model for the treatment of mental health disorders embraces a combination of pharmacological and psychological interventions. Psychoeducational methods are employed in clinical procedures for all mental health disorders and are critical to integrated health care (Bedell, Hunter & Corrigan, 2009). Creamer and O'Donnell (2008) refer to psychoeducation as education, which is specially targeted to psychological health and aims to produce changes in an individual’s knowledge, attitudes, and skills to improve health outcomes. This study is aimed at discussing what psychoeducation is, its role in clinical settings, its efficacy and how nurses figure in employing techniques attributed to psychoeducation. The study draws from evidence-based literature, including meta-analyses and research papers in the field. It is common practice to inform patients with any chronic disorder to be informed about their illness, prognosis and treatment. For instance, patients with diabetes will be educated on their...
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...Family-Centered Health Promotion March 31, 2013 Health promotion has been defined by the World Health Organization's (WHO) 2005 as "the process of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants, and thereby improve their health.” Health Promotion is focused on bringing awareness to the public in order to prevent an increase in disease. Health promotion can also give the individual the tools and teaching needed to live a healthier life style, therefore optimizing their level of health and decrease the incidence of disease. Health promotion is essential in the community, in schools and in the workplace. It brings very important information to the public, and sometimes lifesaving .interventions to certain individual. There are also other benefits to health promotion such as reducing health care costs. Individuals who choose healthier alternatives lower their chances of disease, which in turn can lower their health care costs. This is also beneficial in the work place, where employers can lower costs of health insurance. The purpose of health promotion in nursing practice is to not only providing patient teaching on their particular disease process, but to also be that frontline educator on preventive health practices to remain healthy. It is also important that health promotion be given at the bedside. As Nurses we are not just a care giver to our patients, we also play the role of advocate. Advocacy is a key component in health promotion and as...
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...role of a health care provider in assuring emotional and physical comfort and in adjusting the patient's environment. For example, in 1926, Harmer advocated that nursing care be concerned with providing an atmosphere of comfort. In the 1980's, a modern inquiry of comfort began. Comfort activities were observed. Meanings of comfort were explored. Comfort was conceptualized as multidimensional (emotional, physical, spiritual). Nurses provided comfort through environmental interventions. It was in this decade that Kolcaba began to develop a theory of comfort when she was a graduate student at Case Western Reserve in Cleveland, Ohio. She is currently a nursing professor at the University of Akron in Ohio. Kolcaba's (1992) theory was based on the work of earlier nurse theorists, including Orlando (1961), Benner, Henderson, Nightingale, Watson (1979), and Henderson and Paterson. Other non-nursing influences on Kolcaba's work included Murray (1938). The theory was developed using induction (from practice and experience), deduction (through logic), and from retroaction concepts (concepts from other theories). The basis of Kolcaba's theory is a taxonomic structure or grid that has 12 cells (Kolcaba, 1991; Kolcaba & Fisher, 1996). Three types of comfort are listed at the top of the grid and four contexts in which comfort occurs are listed down the side of the grid. The three types are relief, ease and transcendence. The four contexts are physical, psycho-spiritual...
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