...Health and Sports Psychology Literature Review Psychology/635 November 9, 2015 Health and Sports Psychology Literature Review Introduction According to Brown & Mahoney (1984), sports psychology beginnings is in the motor of learning and motor performances. One of first publications in the U. S. was on the way spectators viewed competitive bicycling (Brown & Mahoney, 1984). Sports psychology focuses on the knowledge from kinesiology and psychology. Sports psychology involves all of the psychological aspects that are includes in sports. This includes how psychological aspects affect performance, along with how sports can affect the mind and body. Health and sports psychology identify how psychological factors impact health, as well as the aspects of sports. Sports psychologists can employ shaping and chaining, reinforcement schedules, and one-trial learning techniques in teaching new technical skills among athletes. Shaping and Chaining Before identifying how shaping and chaining can be employed to teach new technical skills to athletes, sports psychologists have to understand each process of shaping and chaining. If a behavior does not take place, it is not associated with an individual’s performance or listed in the abilities that he or she is able to perform. Shaping can be used to add behaviors that can help athletes perform, effectively and efficiently. Shaping can identify a behavior that is not present yet and work towards the retrieval of that specific...
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...different specializations in the field of Psychology Addiction Psychology As the specialty name implies, this area of psychology uses psychological research and theories to counsel, diagnose and treat individuals with addictions. Addiction psychologists take various psychological approaches, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, behaviorism and psychodynamics to treat and better understand addictions. Addiction Psychology uses a method which are psychological research and theories to treat, counsel, diagnose a...
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...1. What is sport and exercise psychology, and what are its two general objectives? → Is the scientific study of people and their behaviors in sport and exercise contexts as well as the practical application of that knowledge. Objectives: A. Understand the effects of psychological factors on physical or motor performance. B. Understand the effects of physical activity participation on psychological development, health, and well-being 2. Described the major accomplishments of the six periods in the history of sport and exercise psychology. What contributions did Coleman Griffith and Franklin Henry make to sport and exercise psychology? Period 1: The psychology of play starts to be discussed. Studies of football and Basketball players are studied in the University of Illinois. Norman Triplett conducts the 1st social psychology and sport psychology Period 2: @5 articles are published about sports psychology. Coleman Griffith conducts psychological profiles on players. in the Chicago Cubs. Period 3: Franklin Henry undertakes the position in the Department of physical Education at the University of California Berkeley and develops the 1st graduate program in psychology of physical activity. Period 4: The first NASPSPA conference is held and proceedings in NASPSPA are first time published. Period 5: The U.S Olympic committee hires first full time sport Psychologist as well as an advisory board is developed. Period 6: Europe publishes he journal Psychology...
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...My research topic examines the perceptions student-athletes have of their coaches’ behavior. The research will involve reviewing the different types of coaching styles and how those styles affect the athlete. Athletes respond to coaching methods in different ways and I feel it is important to grasp a better understanding of the student-athletes behavior in respect to their coaches’ actions. When exploring the behavior of others, researchers are studying they psychological make-up of those beings James 3:1 says, “Not many of you should become teachers, my brothers, for you know that we who teach will be judged with greater strictness.” Those who teach are those who God knows can handle everything involved in teaching. Coaching and teaching go hand in hand. Coaches are teachers of a particular sport...
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...Bray UNIV 200 10/31/2013 The Relationship Between Sports Fanship and Social Psychological Well-Being As a lifelong sports fan, I’ve experienced just about all of the emotional highs and lows that go with it, from my football team winning the Super Bowl twice, to my favorite baseball team going through 14 consecutive losing seasons. People love sports no matter how good or bad their favorite teams may be and they have become a large part of many people’s lives. And like many sports fans, my day to day mood can be greatly affected by how my favorite teams performed the previous night. Being a sports fan has positive benefits for your psychological and social well-being. In order to fully understand how being a sports fan can affect your life, we must first fully understand the different aspects of fanship. First the basics, fan. Walter Gantz, et al. define a fan as “a keen and regular spectator of a (professional) sport, originally of baseball,” but the term can also pertain to athletes and teams themselves (Gantz 96). Next is team identification. Team identification is defined as the extent to which an individual feels a psychological connection with a team and to passionate fans it is “‘a central component of their self-identity’” (Vallerand 1281). The relationship between team identification and well-being is the main topic of research for many psychologists and has shown to be a positive relationship. Being a sports fan provides countless possibilities for social interactions...
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...Benefits of Youth Sports“Sports do not build character. They reveal it,” said John Wooden, legendary UCLA basketball coach. Playing sports not only provides physical activity, but also other positive benefits. This is especially true for children. A well-structured and organized youth program will provide benefits and positive experiences for young athletes. While children are having fun participating in sports they are also building character, learning to work as a team, and playing fairly. Most people think the only benefits of sports are physical. Sports are more than just developing hand-eye coordination and burning calories, youth sports provide many developmental benefits, physical benefits, and psychological benefits. In addition to improved physical health, sports play a positive role in the development of youth. Studies show that the five “Cs”—competence, confidence, connections, character, and caring—develop positively through the participation in sports at a young age (Luxbacher 2). Each one of the five “Cs” are important components of youth development. The skills that are learned through playing sports, such as the discipline of training, learning teamwork and following the leadership of coaches provide athletes with lifelong skills. Important lifelong skills also include goal setting, time management, the value of planning ahead, honesty, respect, and an appreciation for diversity (Wood 3). At a young age, sports help teach youth how to handle adversity by showing...
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...Intro Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and experiences of organism in relation to the environment. Sports psychology is concerned with the psychological foundations, processes, and consequences of the psychological regulation of sport-related activities of one or several persons acting as the subject of the activity. Applied sports and exercise psychology involves the idea of theory and research into the field to those individuals such as coaches, fitness professionals, and athletic trainers about psychological aspects of their sports or activity. The ultimate goal that’s trying to be reached through applied sports and exercise psychology is to facilitate optimal involvement, performance, and enjoyment in sport and exercise. Throughout this literature review I will go into detail on what is it to be a sports psychologist, and what are their major job and the benefits of this practice. Many individuals get their masters or even undergraduate degrees in sports psychology. Today many schools don’t offer this option so you can also get a master’s in clinical psychology if you want to pursue the career of a sports psychologist. By giving detailed descriptions and the goals, steps necessary to take to become a sports psychologist, athletic trainer and many other careers you can get into. I found a few scholarly articles that help explain the ultimate goal of applied sports and exercise psychology. Is applied sports and exercise psychology necessary in enhancing an...
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...Exam I Study Guide 1. Definition and focus of sport sociology. a. Sociology: interaction between groups and their inherent cultures b. Sport sociology: relationship between sport and society by examining its inherent institutions (race, genders…) i. “Sport is a microcosm of society. It mirrors our culture” (drugs, women, scandal) 2. Definition of the following terms: c. Socialization: The process of interacting with other people and learning social customs, morals and values. One becomes socialized by observation, participation, and/or reinforcement . *economics affects socialization more than anything* as well as personal attributes, significant others, and social situation d. Culture: Shared beliefs, values, symbols, ideologies-> changing patterns of learned behavior. (ex. After 9/11 one team, not individual players) (criteria: class, income, gender, age, education, occupation, religion, ethnicity, race, appearance, athleticism) ii. transformation of sport: social roles -> social statuses-> role behavior-> social interaction -> social organization e. Play: Free activity that involves exploring our environment, self-expression, dreaming, and pretending. There are no firm rules, and the outcome of the activity is unimportant. f. Games: an aspect of play that shows more evidence of structure and is competitive. The goals for participating are clear. They are mental, physical, or a combination...
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...a field of psychology that analyzes how the brain and neurotransmitters influence our behaviors, thoughts and feelings. This field can be thought of as a combination of basic psychology and neuroscience. Clinical Psychology: Clinical psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with the assessment and treatment of mental illness, abnormal behavior and psychiatric problems. Cognitive Psychology: Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that studies mental processes including how people think, perceive, remember and learn. As part of the larger field of cognitive science, this branch of psychology is related to other disciplines including neuroscience, philosophy, and linguistics. Comparative Psychology: Comparative psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with the study of animal behavior. Modern research on animal behavior began with the work of Charles Darwin and Georges Romanes and has continued to grow into a multidisciplinary subject. Today, biologists, psychologists, anthropologists, ecologists, geneticists and many others contribute to the study of animal behavior. Counseling Psychology: Counseling psychology focuses on providing therapeutic treatments to clients who experience a wide variety of symptoms. It is also one of the largest specialty areas within psychology. The Society of Counseling Psychology describes the field as " a psychological specialty [that] facilitates personal and interpersonal functioning across the life span...
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...of different fields of psychology have emerged to deal with specific subtopics within the study of the mind, brain and behavior. Most general and introductory psychology courses cover many of these fields of psychology. As you delve deeper into the subject, you’ll soon find courses offered in each individual area. Each field of psychology represents a specific area of study focused on a particular topic. Oftentimes, psychologists specialize in one of these areas as a career. The following are just some of the major fields of psychology. For many of these specialty areas, additional graduate study in that particular field is required. * Abnormal Psychology: Abnormal psychology is a field of psychology that deals with psychopathology and abnormal behavior. The term covers a broad range of disorders, from depression to obsession-compulsion to sexual deviation and many more. Counselors, clinical psychologists and psychotherapists often work directly in this field. * Biopsychology: Biopsychology is a field of psychology that analyzes how the brain and neurotransmitters influence our behaviors, thoughts and feelings. This field can be thought of as a combination of basic psychology and neuroscience. * Clinical Psychology: Clinical psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with the assessment and treatment of mental illness, abnormal behavior and psychiatric problems. * Cognitive Psychology: Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that studies mental...
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...psychology. Some of the key contributors were Socrates was interested in studying the reincarnation of soul. Soul or mind was considered as the representation of individuals. Plato, a bright student of Socrates expanded Socrates concepts in philosophy about life and soul. It was Aristotle who wrote first book in psychology called Para Psyche; about the mind or soul. In the book, he introduced the basic ideas in psychology today, like law of association. However, the notion of psychology was primarily related to study of soul or mind at that stage. Later on it was found that physical existence of soul was doubtful. Also, there was controversy in defining soul and mind among the philosopher. The contributors of the period never focused on the behavior of individual. That is why the attention was diverted from the study of soul or mind 2. Pre-modern period it was during 1800's that psychology was established as an independent discipline. It was the work of Wilhelm Wundt and William James that contributed much in the field of psychology. Wilhelm Wundt established first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany and studied different conscious experiences in t the laboratory. Wundt defined psychology as a science of consciousness or conscious experience. He...
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...is concerned with “the question of whether or not an individual believes that his own behavior, skills or internal disposition determine what reinforcements he receives” (Rotter, Change, & Phares, 1972), and refers to a person’s beliefs about control over life events. Those with an internal locus of control believe that the consequences of their behavior are under their personal control and that they are effective in controlling their destiny and determining the occurrence of reinforcement, and feel personally responsible for the things that happen to them; those with an external locus of control believe that the outcomes of their performances in life are determined by forces beyond their control (e. g., fate, chance, luck, powerful others and supernatural forces) and that they determine the occurrence of specified events. As Rotter (1966) pointed out, the effect of reinforcement “depends on whether or not the person perceives a causal relationship between his own behavior and the reward” (p. 1) As cited by Samaei (Samaei, Ramezani, & Semnani, 2012) in his study, to some researchers such as Rotter (1986), Heinrich & Gullone (2006) and Ekwall (2004) one of the researchable and important aspects of personality is the study of locus of control in individuals. According to Bal, Singh, & Singh, 2010, locus of control has been one of the psychological factors that give impact on sport performance. Locus of control has been associated with many different personalities...
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...Ethical Principles John Durham III PSY/305 March 7, 2016 Dr. Daven Salmi Ethical Principles Introduction The ethical issue that I chose to examine was an article about the relationship between ethical and abusive coaching behaviors and student-athlete well-being. I found this article very interesting because not a lot of people are aware of the ethical issues that have been and are currently going on in the athletic background. Believe it or not there are many ethical issues that relate to psychology in the athletic field. Ethical Issues in Collegiate Athletics One of the biggest ethical issues in collegiate athletics was the abusive behaviors of the coaches to the athletes. This is a big ethical issue because the actions and behavior of the coaches resulted in the players to cheat. When you look at coaches you think of them as the parent of many children on the field or in the gym. The ability of coaches to impact the performance of their athletes is well established (Horn, 2008; Weiss, Smith, & Stuntz, 2008). When a coach instructs an athlete to perform certain actions the first response of the athlete is to do what the coach says. Part of the duty of coach is to prepare athletes for competition through physical training, planning, and instructions; as well as designing strategies and game plans that affect the performance of their athletes and teams during competition. Preparing and motivating athletes to succeed during competition is an important factor...
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...In the text book, “Theories and Research of Personality” written by Daniel Cervone and Lawrence A. Pervin, the authors talk about how personality can influence people to do certain things. They define personality as, “psychological qualities that contribute to an individual’s enduring and distinctive patterns of feeling, thinking, and behaving” (Cervone, Pervin 2013). Cervone and Pervin state that with enduring they are talking about the qualities that are mostly consistent through time and many situations of a person’s life. The authors also talk about with distinctive it addresses psychological features that make people different from each other and with contribute meaning the psychological factors that influence and will explain an individual’s...
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...Social Influences on Behavior Discovering the causes and effects of human behavior is a problem that has perplexed researchers for many years. The first step into trying to figure out human behavior is to explain what human behavior is and what it means. Humans are what we are in the world; this translates to mean that behavior is how a person acts or reacts to different situations that may occur in their lives. According to the Webster dictionary, behavior is defined as “the manner of conducting oneself or the way a person behaves or shows his/her actions.” When we think of behavior in psychology we can think of time honored nature versus nurture debate. The fundamental question in this issue is to what degree inborn biological processes do or environmental events determine human behavior. When we think of certain situations in which human behavior is changed we can think of the workplace. The first school experience is a major shaping event in a person’s behavioral patterns. This is where we as children start to interact with other children, and a new set of rules have to be followed. As we get older and transition to the socially dynamic high school environment we realize that there are going to be social problems that can arise, and certain human behavior that can come with the change of how we now have to act as people and as students. There are certain groups that most of us belonged to in high school, and we may realize that some of the people that we were friends...
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