...Philippine forests and forestry By FLORENCIO TAMESIS THE forest is perhaps the most valuable replaceable natural resource of the Philippines. As a source of raw materials and revenue to the Government, it can be managed to yield for a long time more than it does at present. The latest estimate on the extent of the vegetative soil cover of the Philippines is as follows: | Area in Hectares | Percent | Commercial forest | 13,198,406 | 44.5 | Noncommercial forest | 4,296,786 | 14.4 | Marsh: | | | Fresh | 168,657 | | Salt | 438,155 | | | 606,812 | 2.0 | Open grassland | 5,203,620 | 17.5 | Cultivated | 6,434,348 | 21.6 | Total | 29,740,972 | 100.0 | Approximately 97.5 percent of the forest is owned by the Government and is administered by the Bureau of Forestry; 2.5 percent is privately owned. The greater bulk of the forest is in large blocks on the principal islands such as Luzon, Mindanao, Samar, Negros, and Palawan. Most of the forest is of the tropical rain type, complex in its composition. More than 3,000 species of trees attain a diameter of 30 centimeters (one foot) or more; however, less than sixty of these are marketed. Seventy-five percent of the stand consists of dipterocarps, commonly called lauan, to which "Philippine mahogany" belongs. It is conservatively estimated that the aggregate commercial standing timber is around 2,105,000,000 m3 ® (464,729,000,000 bd. ft.). Based on forest charges (government stumpage tax), this stand has a value of P2,341...
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...remaining amount. Source. NASA Carbon dioxide produce by fossil fuel The advent of Industrial Revolution marked the beginning of increasing demand and use of fossil fuels as the main sources of energy. According to Rozema, Lambers, Geijn & Cambridge (2012), an estimated 370 gigatons of carbon dioxide has been emitted into the atmosphere by the year 2000. In addition to that, significantly increasing levels of the amount of carbon released to the atmosphere has been witnessed in the 21st century. In general, using carbon based fuels to produce energy has been largely associated with the exponential increase in the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Source: Rozema, Lambers, Geijn & Cambridge (2012) Industrialized countries such as the United States, China, India, and Japan have been urged to come up with policies and legislations to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels to produce energy and in turn, embrace the use of clean sources of energy such as solar and nuclear. However, there has been a challenge meeting the expectations as the population in the world continues to increase hence pressing more demand on energy resources. The figure below shows a comparison of the carbon dioxide percentage produced according to various geographical regions between the year 1974 and an anticipated carbon dioxide in 2025. Country or region 1974 2025 USA 27 8 USSR and Eastern Europe 25 17 Central Asia 8 19 Australia, N. Zealand and Japan 7 4 Developing America 4 40 Developing Africa 2 Developing...
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...The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression during the late 1920s and early 1930s. The economic downturn of the United States started in 1927 when Americans had spent more money then actual income. The overall spending of money had declined throughout the economy and a lot of workers had been laid off. Other factors that led the United States into the Great Depression include the rapid rise of stocks in the stock market and unequal differences in personal income. It can be considered that President Hoover led the United States into the Great Depression and President Roosevelt led the nation out of the Great Depression. Both Presidents had different views on how to fix the economy. President Hoover was elected the president in 1928 and he had a plan to fix the economy. Hoover believed in a laissez-faire government, which is a limited government control on the economy. Hoover believed that the private sector or the individual businesses of the nation would help save the economy. He believed the private sectors should have little or no government help to save their businesses. This is why Hoover did little to nothing to help businesses grow. Hoovers response to the economic depression was the Revenue Act of 1932. This act increased taxes throughout the nation to balance the federal budget. This act was not successful because it actually decreased personal consumption and investments. Hoover also refused to consider direct federal relief for unemployed Americans...
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...The great depression is was a major crash in the stock market, this crash lead to the united states going into a state of emergency. Because when people had no money and no new funding things went crazy. That's when president Roosevelt came to power, he created some thing that was meant to help the people in the great depression, but to some they only saw it as a way to keep the peace between people. One of the aspects he had covered was finace and trading of stocks. Congress passed the Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933, which gave the President power to regulate banking transactions and foreign exchange and to reopen solvent banks. President Roosevelt gave "fireside chats" over the radio in which he soothed the public's confidence in...
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...As a student here in the United States, I have been exposed to numerous opportunities to study the surrounding habitats and our interaction with the ecosystem. Coming from a little town in Africa which is rich in vegetation, I have always been intrigued by the healing powers of nature. I had questions as to why one plant cured an ailment and another plant did not. Armed with my curiosity to learn, I submitted an application to study biology at this University. This was the first step of a long journey to fulfill my desire for knowledge on botany, and biology in general. On arriving in the States, the contrast in culture, language, and education overwhelmed me but I quickly adjusted to the method of education here and put in my best effort in all the classes I took. I was amazed at the countless opportunities and resources available to students in colleges but I was determined to take full advantage of these resources. This motivated me and strengthened my desire to explore and search for answers to questions I had crafted in an attempt to understand nature and its role in our lives. I was privileged to study cellular and molecular biology under one of the most experienced professors at this University. In this class, I gained a holistic view of nature. This was a challenge initially as I had to comprehend how intimately the various parts of our ecosystem were interconnected; from the carbon cycle to the invertebrate and fungi population. At the end of the semester, using information...
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...Father Gregory Schaffer, whom I traveled with on a mission trip to San Lucas Toliman, Guatemala— in July of 2011— who, had helped Father Gregory with the missions, made the self-sacrificing journey of walking from St. Paul, MN to Guatemala, which is approximately 3,000 miles. He made this difficult trip for the sole purpose of raising money to aid his project of helping the poor of Guatemala. The natives, or Mayans, lived in inhumane conditions such as dirt-floored huts made of tin with no electricity or clean water. Father Schaffer wanted to help these people so greatly, that he was willing to sacrifice the comforts of living in the United States to live with and like the people he was determined to help. The Mayans had been oppressed by a dictatorial government for years, which had badly harmed their environment and kept them in a constant state of fear. In the midst of these problems, Father Schaffer came to offer help to the poverty-afflicted peoples. Father Schaffer's true courage to stand up for the poor of Guatemala was put to the test, when, in the 1980's, there were armed campaigns pointed at the natives of Guatemala. Even though he knew that he could be killed at any time for helping the people of Guatemala, Father Schaffer remained with the people he had come to love. He was in an especially dangerous position, since he was aiding the innocent of Guatemala as well as being a Catholic priest. Through his many acts of charity, which were professed through the very fact...
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...religion, but it has not always been this way, and it was not easy getting here. Everyone is aware of the American dream and what it stands for, but not everyone is aware of the struggle it takes to achieve it. After WWI, the United States experienced the greatest economic struggle in its history to this day. In 1929, the infamous stock market crash led to a domino effect of economic struggles. Leaving a huge gap between the rich and poor, and manufacturers lying off workers, the middle class was the most affected during this time. As explained by Eric Foner in “Give Me Liberty”, the prices dropped dramatically as the consumer demand dropped, people began to rely on credit cards and when they couldn’t pay it off their belongings were repoed. But worst of all, banks were not insured and did not keep funds stocked; this is when the public began to realize they were individually affected by the economy. President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) was elected in 1932, following President Herbert Hoover who was believed to not truly understand the severity of the Depression and backing the “trickle-down” effect, which states that the wealthy ran the economy and they will take care of the poor. FDR, on the other hand, believed in “Keynesian Economics” which states that if the government increases spending, than the citizens will have more to spend and in turn stimulate the economy. When elected, FDR stated to “declare war” on the depression. Although the Great Depression was clearly...
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...COMMUNICATING IN BUSINESS 100 ASSESSMENT 1 Student Name: Danger Mouse Student Number: 12345678 Student’s Email Address: DangerMouse@hotmail.com Tutor’s Name: Joanne Wisdom Tutorial Day and Time: Thursday, 12.00pm Name of Company: CEMEX Title: Corporate Environmental Responsibility: An investigation into CEMEX Semester/ Campus Details: Semester 1, 2012 - Bentley (Word Count: 1793) Corporate Environmental Responsibility: An investigation into the performance of CEMEX Environmental protection is currently one of the most pressing social issues; it features on the agenda of many different groups within society, including governments, special interest groups and global organisations. The actions of organisations with regard to the environment are becoming a large factor in their total profit and propensity for future growth. CEMEX is the third largest company in global cement and aggregate production; and the world’s leading supplier of ready-mix cement. Their annual production levels of cement and aggregate are approximately 55 million cubic metres and 160 million tonnes respectively. They have operations spanning across thirty three countries, currently employing 44,104 people and have an annual sales figure of US$15.14 billion (CEMEX 2012). The stakeholders that are of focus in this paper are the neighbouring communities of the production plants and the many employees of CEMEX. The production of cement is one of the most environmentally unfriendly...
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...7. Breadline- a group of needy persons waiting in the line for free food to be distributed by a government agency or charitable organization. 8. Hooverville- a shantytown built by unemployed and destitute people during the depression of the early 1930’s. 9. Dust bowl- An area of Oklahoma, Kansas, and northern Texas affected by severe sell erosion caused by windstorms in the early 1930s, which obliged many people to move. 10. migration-movement from one part of something to another. 11. Bonus Army- was the popular name of assemblage of some 43,000 marchers-17,000 ww1 veterans, their families, and affiliated groups. 12. Reconstruction finance corporation-RFC was a government corporation in the United States that berated between 1932 and last which provided financial support to state and local government and made loans to banks, railroads, mortgage association and other business. Chp.13. 1. New deal- programs and legislation enacted by...
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...affected by some, if not all, of these issues: deforestation. Deforestation plays a key part on not only human lives, but on the lives of animals, creatures, insects that depend on trees for survival. Before getting to the root of the problem, we must know what deforestation is. According to, Andrea Becker, who writes for Seattle Pi, defines deforestation as “forest loss through urban sprawl, land clearing of agriculture, wildfire or timber harvest.” In other words, it can be described as the clearing of trees. It may not seem like an issue that is severe, but when it comes down to it, the clearing of trees tends to affect the ecosystem in a number of ways. It is important to keep in mind that deforestation does not only occur in the United States, it is a big problem in the Brazilian and Bolivian Amazons. In addition, deforestation threatens our climate as well as the livelihoods of 1.6 billion people that rely on forests for food and economic activity (Greenpeace). Forests also serve as habitats to rare and undiscovered animal and plant species and play a key role in providing water and preventing flooding and erosion (Greenpeace). Tropical rainforests are diverse ecosystems that are home to millions of species. These forests continue to shrink as they are exploited for wood and cleared...
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...deposits up to 2, 500 (Goldfield, et al., p. 698). In addition, FDR and Congress constructed the Securities and Exchange Commission created to regulate the stock market,” and the “Glass- Steagall Act that separated investment and commercial banking to curtail risky speculation was passed” (Goldfield, et al., p. 699). The New Deal key goal was to revamp the job market. One of the New Deals most vital players, Harry Hopkins directed and endorsed the Federal Emergency Relief Administration. FERA furnished funds to state and local agencies, spending over $3 billion before ending in 1935 (Goldfield, et al., p. 699). $billion dollars was spend through the Civil Works Administration, which accomplished 4 million jobs for both men women (Goldfield, et al., p. 699). 1933 to 1939 Public Works Administration contributed billions on building schools, hospitals, courthouses, dams, and bridges (Goldfield, et al., p. 699). 2.5 million Young men were employed to work on “reforestation and flood-control projects, build roads and...
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...- Do you really think that every bottled or tap water you drink is completely clean? Every soda, juice and energy drink all have to start off with water. Now you’re probably asking yourself why I should care about water pollution. There is an estimate of 14,000 people die every day from water pollution, and in a year that’s 5,110,000 people! There are two main types of causes for water pollution and they are animal manure and homes sewage. For instance, the main cause in industrial agriculture is manure and its effects toward the environment and towards human health, 2 how the sewages affect our homes and communities. Industrial agriculture is one of the biggest causes of water pollution in the United States because of manure. Organizations that were supposed to protect the environment have help pollute the environment. For instance, Environmental Protection Agency was found polluting forty eight percent of streams and river and forty one percent of lake waters. Most of the water pollution comes from storage and animal manure. Plants, animals, and humans die from lack of care for the environment. Industrial farmers store all the livestock manure into big tanks called lagoons. Lagoons hold over one million gallons of manure. Imagine what would happen if one of these tanks burst open? If farmers do not check the lagoons they don’t notice that the lagoons have cracks and leaks in them. So basically manure just is leaking out into vast areas. It gets really bad when...
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...stands often will not occur in the absence of disturbance, whether natural or anthropogenic.[3] Furthermore, biodiversity after regeneration harvest often mimics that found after natural disturbance, including biodiversity loss after naturally occurring rainforest destruction.[4][5] Deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees are cut down to be used or sold as fuel (sometimes in the form of charcoal) or timber, while cleared land is used as pasture for livestock, plantations of commodities and settlements. The removal of trees without sufficient reforestation has resulted in damage to habitat, biodiversity loss and aridity. It has adverse impacts on biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforestation has also been used in war to deprive the enemy of cover for its forces and also vital resources. Modern examples of this were the use of Agent Orange by the British military in Malaya during the Malayan Emergency and the United States military in Vietnam during the Vietnam War. Among countries with a per capita GDP of at least US$4,600, net deforestation rates have ceased to increase.[when?][6][7] Deforested regions typically incur significant adverse soil erosion...
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...civilization, few topics could be as relevant as the one we face in climate change and how our relationship with the earth has brought this state of affairs to be. Mr. White, a professor of medieval history and ecology, hits on a critical point (Vetlesen). Perhaps now is the time to investigate older beliefs and how they might allow us to adapt to our current situation, and perhaps improve it. The term “Native Americans” covers a wide range of individuals, tribes, ethnic groups, and geography. Despite these differences, many Native Americans share a similar belief regarding the treatment of the land and all that lived on it: that the land is sacred and should be respected and treated in a sustainable manner. It is this viewpoint that will be the focus of this paper: demonstrating the effect of European settlers on the United States’ ecology, some of the sustainable practices of Native Americans, and how this may have influenced modern society to practice sustainability. Body According to the dictionary, the term ecology refers to a branch of biological science involving the “relations and interactions between organisms and their environment, including other organisms” (Dictionary.com). In the United States’ ecological history there exists a dichotomy between pre-European arrival and since. Before Europeans came to colonize the United States, it was thought that 46% of the country was forested. Between the 1600s and early 1900s, early settlers reduced the country’s forest by...
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...little concern for the damage they were doing. They concentrated on how to maximize profit and production. The United States Forestry Service’s first attempts at regulating the industry was to strip all “old growth” to allow for “new growth”, but actually did more harm than good. The new trees did not grow fast enough to replace the older trees being removed so the regulation had the opposite effect. With the United States entry into World War II, any attempts at government regulation went by the wayside as the timber industry increased the production to meet the wartime timer demand. The invention of the gas powered chain saw and the availability of heavy equipment sped up the process even more. One harmful effect caused by the removal of the old growth trees was the destruction of the habitat of the Northern Spotted Owl. However, it wasn’t until June, 1990 that this owl was placed on the threatened species list by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. The plywood mill located in Lebanon, OR changed ownership 4 times between 1941 and 1985. In 1967 it was purchased by Champion International Corporation. In 1985, Champion decided that certain timber areas no longer profitable and shut down several operations, including the Lebanon mill, putting almost the entire town out of work. Regulations by the United States Forestry Service did not become effective until the National Forest Management Act of 1976. The significance of this...
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