...The Eight Types of Alternative Fuel There are different kinds of alternative fuels in the world at present. There are eight different types of alternative fuels which are Ethanol, Natural Gas, Propane, Hydrogen, Bio-Diesel, Electricity, Methanol and P-series. All these alternative fuels have different properties, different source used, and different vehicle's used and different impact on the environment and on the world. But one point to be noted is that even though they have different impact on environment, alternative fuels in vehicles can generally reduce harmful pollutants and exhaust emissions. Another interesting fact I found about these fuels in particular is that they can rather be domestically produced and can be derived from renewable resource but the fossil fuels which are being used today such as petroleum and diesel cannot be derived from renewable source. Once these fossil fuels will be extinct alternative fuels are the one which will come to use. I personally think that if even a small majority of the people in the world start using alternative fuels then the pollution and disease will decline and the pressure on fossil fuels, of course, will decrease. The advantages to use alternative fuels are massive. The impact of alternative fuels can have on earth, on people, on so many things is just great. Using alternative fuels can change a lot of things on earth a pollution free place. Here are some possible alternative means of propulsion for road vehicles...
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...Chemistry Research Assignment Part A – The Production of Materials: 1. Use available evidence to gather and present data from secondary sources and analyse progress in the recent development and use of a named biopolymer. This analysis should name the specific enzyme(s) used or organism used to synthesise the material and an evaluation of the use or potential use of the polymer produced related to its properties. a) Name a biopolymer (eg. Biopol) outlining how it’s produced. Biopol: Made in the 1960s In an American company. This biopolymer is a PHA and is produced industrially by growing it in tanks with bacteria such as Alcaligenes eutrophus along with a carbon based food source. It is then isolated from the tank to be purified by various methods such as dissolving the PHB in trichloromethane and then removing all its waste to create Biopol. b) Construct a table, relating its uses/possible uses to its properties. Uses Properties related Act as a carrier for slowly releasing insecticides and herbicides and fertilizers Biodegradable – able to break down in the natural environment Use as containers for plastics as well as shampoo containers and cosmetics insoluble in water and relatively high tensile strength Medical applications Biocompatibility and biodegradable Non toxic c) Evaluate the importance of this biopolymer now and its potential for use in the future based on part b. Biopol is quite an important biopolymer as a future resource because firstly, there...
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...Service Symbol identify quality motor oils for gasolineand diesel-powered vehicles. Oils displaying these marks meet performance requirements set by U.S. and international vehicle and engine manufacturers and the lubricant industry. More than 500 companies worldwide participate in this voluntary program, which is backed by a marketplace sampling and testing program. GET MORE FROM YOUR MOTOR OIL. Follow your vehicle manufacturer’s oil change recommendations. This includes using recommended SAE oil viscosity and ILSAC or API performance standard. If you find it necessary to mix brands of oil, use same viscosity grade and API service category to maintain performance. Properly dispose of used oil. Learn more about recycling used oil at www.recycleoil.org. Go to www.earth911.com/ recycling/used-motor-oiland-filters for used oil collection center locations. The API Certification Mark, also known as the “Starburst” An oil displaying this mark meets the current engine protection standard and fuel economy requirements of the International Lubricant Specification Advisory Committee (ILSAC), a joint effort of U.S. and Japanese automobile manufacturers. Automobile manufacturers recommend oils that carry the API Certification Mark. See the ILSAC STANDARD FOR PASSENGER CAR ENGINE OILS chart on the next page for descriptions of current and obsolete ILSAC standards. ® The API Service Symbol, also known as the “Donut” 1. Performance Level 1 2 Motor oils designed for cars, vans...
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...MOTOR OIL GUIDE WHICH OIL IS RIGHT FOR YOU? API’S CERTIFICATION MARK AND SERVICE SYMBOL identify quality motor oils for gasoline- and diesel-powered vehicles. Oils displaying these marks meet performance requirements set by U.S. and international vehicle and engine manufacturers and the lubricant industry. More than 500 companies worldwide participate in this voluntary program, which is backed by a marketplace sampling and testing program. GET MORE FROM YOUR MOTOR OIL. Follow vehicle manufacturer’s oil change recommendations. This includes using recommended SAE oil viscosity and ILSAC or API performance standard. If you find it necessary to mix brands of oil, use the same viscosity grade and API service category to maintain performance. Properly dispose of used oil. Learn more about recycling used oil at www.recycleoil.org. Go to www.earth911.com for used oil collection center locations. THE API CERTIFICATION MARK, ALSO KNOWN AS THE “STARBURST” An oil displaying this mark meets the current engine protection standard and fuel economy requirements of the International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee (ILSAC), a joint effort of U.S. and Japanese automobile manufacturers. Automobile manufacturers recommend oils that carry the API Certification Mark. See the ILSAC STANDARD FOR PASSENGER CAR ENGINE OILS chart on the next page for descriptions of current and obsolete ILSAC standards. ® THE API SERVICE SYMBOL, ALSO KNOWN AS THE “DONUT” 1. PERFORMANCE...
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... Colorado, produces ethanol and its co-products, primarily distillers grain, at its two production facilities located in Wood River, Nebraska and Fairmont, Minnesota. (BioFuel Energy Corp. 10-K, pg. 2). The operations and cash flows of BioFuel are exposed to wide and unpredictable fluctuations due to changes in commodities prices, particularly, the price of its main commodity, corn, in relation to the price of its main commodity product, ethanol. Ethanol is a clean burning, high-octane fuel that is produced from the fermentation of carbohydrates such as grains, starches, and sugars and used as a gasoline additive to increase the octane rating and comply with air emissions regulations by reducing emissions of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide. Also, the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) mandates that renewable biofuels comprise a certain minimum amount of the U.S. fuel supply. Fuel blended with up to 10% ethanol is approved for use by major motor vehicle manufacturers and is often recommended as a result of ethanol’s clean burning characteristics (BioFuel Energy Corp. 10-K, pg. 5). BioFuel has various unique accounting methods such as revenue recognition and inventory valuation, due to changes in commodity prices and BioFuel’s exclusive buyer-seller relationship with Cargill. One of BioFuel’s unique accounting methods is revenue recognition. Revenue is recognized by BioFuel when the risk of loss and title transfers upon the delivery of the ethanol and distillers grain...
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...Chapter 9 Ethanol Policy and Ethanol Politics David S. Bullock28 The United States is currently passing through one of the most exciting and controversial periods of its energy history. With the US military caught up in armed conflict in the Middle East, and with global warming looming in the minds of many expert scientists as the world’s greatest environmental challenge, a common belief is that it is more important than ever that the US develop sensible and far-sighted energy policy. Politicians’ claims aside, the politics of energy policy are rarely about what is best “for the country.” When government sets energy policy, some people gain, and others may lose. The politics of energy policy, then, are not simply, or even generally, about how to make the nation as a whole better off. Rather, the politics of energy policy are very much about interested political groups struggling against one another. This type of “special interest” politics is nothing new, and not unique to energy policy. Nevertheless, it is widely held among average Americans that the political activities of special interest politics are often bad for the nation as a whole. Because public information is a democracy’s best weapon against harmful special-interest politics, in this chapter we hope to accomplish three goals: 1) to present an outline of the “nuts and bolts” of U.S. ethanol policy; 2) to use economic analysis to examine the effects of ethanol policy, presenting arguments to cut through much of the...
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... What are Petrol / Diesel / CNG / Branded Fuels ? • What are the mandatory facilities / services available at Retail Outlets ? • How Quality / Quantity are maintained at Retail Outlets ? • How to lodge a complaint ? The answers to the above queries are given below : 1. What is Petrol Pump ? • The most common point of contact of customers with Oil Industry is the Petrol Pump. In Oil Industry parlance, Petrol Pumps are referred to as Retail Outlets (ROs). • As per the existing Government policy, Petrol Pumps can be set up by Public Sector Oil Companies as well as Private Sector Oil Companies dealing in storage and distribution of petroleum products as per guidelines. Presently, the Oil Companies engaged in retail business of automotive fuels are IOC, HPC, BPC, NRL, MRPL, ONGC, RIL, Essar and Shell. 2. Products Marketed at Retail Outlets : • Petrol, in technical language is called “Motor Spirit” (MS). It is mainly used in passenger vehicles such as 2 / 3 wheelers and cars. At present, HPCL markets two types of Petrol across the country, i.e. normal Petrol and branded Petrol. 9 ú Normal Petrol: Normally used as a fuel for spark ignition internal combustion engines such as passenger cars, two wheelers, three wheelers, etc. ú Branded Petrol: This is preferred by new generation vehicles. It is slightly costlier than normal Petrol. It has additives for optimizing performance of vehicles. It is...
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...Paper HUMN 432 - Society, Culture and Technology Ethanol in Brazil Team A I. Introduction 3 II. Brazil 4 a. Short history 4 b. Brazil during the oil crisis in the 70’s 6 III. Ethanol as bio-fuel 7 a. Extraction process 7 b. Energetically self sufficient ethanol plants in Brazil 8 c. Energy from Ethanol 9 d. Flex-Fuel Vehicles 10 IV. Economic Effects of Ethanol as Bio-Fuel 10 a. Brazil not endangered by a new oil crisis 10 b. Export 12 c. Vertical industries 13 d. Environmental benefits 14 V. Ethical and Social Implications 15 a. A market not dominated by oil barons 15 b. Independent economy 16 VI. Brazil in a global economy and ethanol in the US 18 a. Future of ethanol as bio-fuel in Brazil 18 b. Ethanol in the United States 19 c. E85 21 VII. Conclusion 22 VIII. Works Cited 23 I. Introduction Fuel, at its simplest, makes us go. It is a necessity to modern day life. Even if everyone were to walk, rather than drive, there would be a need for it. This is one thing that is in common around the world. The dependence on oil based gasoline has many of the most powerful countries forking out quite a bit for their fuel. This is, of course, the case in the United States. There is no doubt that this country needs an alternative fuel, or to cut back on its use of the current fuel. However, because we are so dependent at this time on oil based gasoline and other fuels, Americans tend to be a bit hesitant of truly switching...
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...Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources which are naturally replenished on a human timescale such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat. Renewable energy replaces conventional fuels in four distinct areas: electricity generation, air and water heating/cooling, motor fuels, and rural energy services. Based on REN21's 2014 report, renewables contributed 19 percent to our global energy consumption and 22 percent to our electricity generation in 2012 and 2013, respectively. Both, modern renewables, such as hydro, wind, solar and biofuels, as well as traditional biomass, contributed in about equal parts to the global energy supply. Worldwide investments in renewable technologies amounted to more than US$214 billion in 2013, with countries like China and the United States heavily investing in wind, hydro, solar and biofuels. Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency is resulting in significant energy security, climate change mitigation, and economic benefits. In international public opinion surveys there is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power. At the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20 percent of energy supply. National renewable energy markets...
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...Introduction Oil is an essential part of our everyday living. Historically, the oil and natural gas industry have accounted for approximately 10 percent to 25 percent of the state’s GSP, a trend that roughly tracks the price of oil. drilling rig bores a hole into the earth through which steel pipes are inserted. Pipes or casings like cement would then be put in between for strength as well as for separating different pressure zones- if they exist. The well is then drilled further, and more casings are added. At times, 2-3 layers of casings would be built depending on the geological composition of the zone. The rotator table then passes the drill string onto the hole. The drill string rotating by 'top drive' or 'power swivel' mechanism extends the drill bit. This extension is done with the help of the derrick (the structure holding the drill string). The drill bit then cuts the rock into pieces. Drilling fluid, also called mud-mixture of fluids, chemicals, abrasives and solids - is then pumped down the drill string. This fluid clears the cut rock bits onto the surface. Compressed air is substituted for the fluid, at times. In turbo-drilling, a turbine is placed in the drill string. Mud flows through this turbine causing the drill bit to rotate. This hydrocarbon-rich mixture of crude oil and gases runs our factories, our cars, heats some homes and has provided Americans with an unprecedented standard of living since its discovery in America in 1859. Petroleum is an extremely...
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...Iowa State University Digital Repository @ Iowa State University Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate College 2012 Three essays on biofuel, environmental economics, and international trade Jingbo Cui Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Agricultural and Resource Economics Commons, Agricultural Economics Commons, Economics Commons, and the Natural Resource Economics Commons Recommended Citation Cui, Jingbo, "Three essays on biofuel, environmental economics, and international trade" (2012). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. Paper 12304. This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at Digital Repository @ Iowa State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Repository @ Iowa State University. For more information, please contact hinefuku@iastate.edu. Three essays on biofuel, environmental economics, and international trade by Jingbo Cui A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Economics Program of Study Committee: Harvey Lapan, Co-major Professor GianCarlo Moschini, Co-major Professor Sebastien Pouliot John Schroeter Rajesh Singh Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2012 Copyright c Jingbo Cui, 2012. All rights reserved. ii DEDICATION ...
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...28.7.2008 EN Official Journal of the European Union L 199/1 I (Acts adopted under the EC Treaty/Euratom Treaty whose publication is obligatory) REGULATIONS COMMISSION REGULATION (EC) No 692/2008 of 18 July 2008 implementing and amending Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council on type-approval of motor vehicles with respect to emissions from light passenger and commercial vehicles (Euro 5 and Euro 6) and on access to vehicle repair and maintenance information (Text with EEA relevance) THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, (3) Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, and in particular Article 95 thereof, Having regard to Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2007 on type-approval of motor vehicles with respect to emissions from light passenger and commercial vehicles (Euro 5 and Euro 6) and on access to vehicle repair and maintenance information (1), and in particular Articles 4(4), 5(3) and 8 thereof Whereas: (5) (1) Article 5 of Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 provides for specific technical requirements relating to the control of emissions from vehicles to be set in its implementing legislation. Therefore, it is appropriate to adopt such requirements. (4) Following the adoption of the main requirements for type approval in Regulation (EC) No 715/2007, it is necessary to establish administrative provisions for EC type-approval of light duty...
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...Diesel Locomotives – Efficiency in Motion Since the early 1900’s, diesel technology in locomotives has changed the railroad industry. Although the diesels were slow to catch on, the diesel locomotive proved to be more powerful, safer, more efficient and have less maintenance than steam powered locomotives. Today, modern diesel electric locomotives have further stretched the benefits of diesel technology. Incredibly, freight trains have increased their fuel efficiency by 80 percent over the past 25 years and today's locomotives can move a ton of freight more than 400 miles on a single gallon of fuel. With all the benefits regarding diesels, there is another source of inefficiency in the railroad that is often overlooked, the rail yard and switching terminals. The rail yards and switching terminal are traditionally the biggest culprits of air pollution and fuel inefficiency, presenting the greatest opportunities for further improvement. The Belt Railway Company of Chicago (BRC) is the largest intermediate switching terminal railroad in the United States. The BRC has 28 miles of mainline with more than 300 miles of switching tracks, allowing it to interchange with every railroad serving the Chicago rail hub. The Belt's Clearing Yards span a 5.5 mile distance among 786 acres, supporting more than 250 miles of track. The Belt Railway currently dispatches on a service-driven basis more than 8,400 rail cars per day. At Clearing Yard, employees are able to classify between...
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...automobile – the cars, trucks, buses and motor cycles are machines that are used for transport almost by everybody and everywhere. Doubtless no other engineering wonder can claim such wider use and engines provide the power for automobile. There are of course other uses of these engines also. Engines in general are reciprocating and rotary, the latter are commonly recognized as turbines, though there are some which are not turbine. An engine which was first introduced perhaps used a hot air which expanded on top of a piston. It was steam at high pressure which was then used against the piston which was pushed and moved in a cylinder linearly. The engine piston was connected to a crank through connecting rod caused the crank to rotate about its axis. Thus rotary motion is generated. An engine would definitely need an expanding medium which will push the piston when expanding. The expanding medium will have to be at higher temperature and pressure. The heat required for increasing the temperature and pressure of expanding medium can be given to the medium outside the cylinder in which the piston moves. In such a case the engine is called external combustion engine. The steam engine and hot air engine are examples. Fuel is burnt out of engine and heat is supplied to working fluid which enters the cylinder of the engine with high energy due to temperature and pressure. In internal combustion engine the fuel is burnt in the cylinder in confined space...
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...Table A: National Laws No. | Title | Salient Features | Republic Act No. 8172 | An Act for Salt Iodization Nationwide (ASIN) | It is hereby declared the policy of the State to protect and promote the health of the people, to maintain an effective food regulatory system, and to provide the entire population especially women and children with proper nutrition. For this purpose, the State shall promote the nutritional fortification of food to combat micronutrient malnutrition as a priority health program for the nation. | Republic Act No. 8048 | Coconut Preservation Act of 1995 | Considering the importance of the coconut industry in nation building being one of the principal industries and one of the largest income earners of the country, it becomes mandatory for the Government to step-in and regulate the unabated and indiscriminate cutting of the coconut trees. For reasons of national interest, it is hereby declared the policy of the State to provide for the growth of the industry by embarking on a sustainable and efficient replanting program. | Republic Act No. 8041 | National Water Crisis Act of 1995 | It is hereby declared the policy of the State to adopt urgent and effective measures to address the nationwide water crisis which adversely allocate the health and well-being of the population, food production and industrialization process. | Republic Act No. 7942 | Philippine Mining Act of 1995 | All mineral resources in public and private lands within the territory and...
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