...present. The distance the participant ran in miles is depicted along the y-axis and the observations are shown along the x-axis. The observations are split into 5 sections. The first section is titled “Baseline A” prior to any reinforcement given. The second section is named the token system and provides data for the first session of information collected as the participant was given reinforcement in the form of a $5 Dick’s Sporting Goods gift card every time she increased her distance 0.2 miles. The...
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...Sport Experience Audit The purpose of this assignment is to give students the opportunity to visit a sporting event/activity and evaluate the key elements comprising the sport experience based on information learned during class. Your task is to apply classroom material to a real-world sport/leisure setting. For this assignment, you are to visit/attend a sporting event or facility and perform a qualitative assessment of the spectator/participant experience. By analyzing the activity you should heighten your understanding of consumers' reactions to the activity or event and understand how to better meet customers’ needs as a facility/event manager. Written Assignment 1. Describe/Identify the following Event General Information: a. Name of event b. Women’s College Basketball: LSU vs. Indiana St. b. Day/date/time of event a. Tuesday, December 3, 2013 @ 11:30 a.m. c. Location/facility where event was held a. Baton Rouge, LA: Pete Maravich Center d. Description of the event a. Exhibition game played between two teams for the duration of two 20-minute halves. e. Number of participants and spectators a. Participants/Spectators: f. Associated events? a. Men’s College Basketball b. Women’s College Volleyball 2. Describe/Identify the arrangement of the following Facility and Support Services a. Communications ...
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...raised the question as to why they shouldn’t be compensated for their sporting prowess. As noted by Kaufmann (2007), student-athletes generate tens of millions of dollars for their respective athletic departments and ideally then should be reimbursed. However, as per the guidelines of the National Collegiate Athletics Associations (NCAA), athletes are not supposed to receive any commercial use of their personas and likenesses and are indeed not expected to gain any monetary compensation for their sporting engagements. This has generally been interpreted to mean that they cannot enter into agreements for endorsements in their sporting activities as has been the case with professional engagements. Instead, students are expected to benefit from the payment for tuition fees from their sporting activities. The borne of contention however has been that the universities they play for can enter into agreements of endorsements or other forms of commercial engagements and contracts by utilizing the players identities (Mueller, n.d). This would posit that students surrender their rights of publicity to the universities, raising both legal and ethical concerns. Essentially, this parity in opinions among the different players constituted the motivation for the current study. Based on a detailed review of literature on student-athletes, the paper will present both the pros and cons of monetary compensation for their sporting activities. Conclusions on whether students should be compensated or...
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...through the various cultural and ritual events that take’s place. The importance of understanding peoples culture and their rituals is what anthropologists try to seek out. Through Balinese cockfighting only were they able to better understand how such an event can be used to show case culture and societies values. The association between an animal and man showed that more prestige was given to the more powerful one and thereby increasing male status in the village. b. What kinds of evidence does the author base this claim on? What are the anthropological methods used to collect this evidence? Geertz uses a mixture of research methods in his ethnography, predominantly employing long-term participant observation and supports this participant observation method with the inclusion of historical and literary research, and cross-cultural comparison. Anthropological methods such as interviewing along with the use of ethnographic realism which aims to define accurate and objective methods that accounts the different ways of life from first hand observations and experience. Other ethnographic techniques such as in depth interviewing of the Balinese people have made it possible to find out about the beliefs and perceptions. c. How does the author present the evidence to support the claim in this article? In other words, outline the argument, explaining how it works. The author’s observations and claims about how cockfighting is intertwined...
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...Group displays of aggression may occur due to xenophobia - also known as the threat of the unknown. It is evolutionarily advantageous to be wary of something unknown and to display aggression when faced with something which could potentially be a threat to our survival and/or reproduction. Aggression displayed as a direct result of xenophobia would ensure that the group is protected and would send a signal to other potentially threatening out-groups that the in-group is prepared to defend itself. Again, this would have the direct benefit of increasing the chance of survival and future reproduction of all members of the group. Displays of group aggression can be seen in sporting events. The evolutionary explanation would argue that xenophobia plays a large part in aggression displayed by sporting groups as they are scared of the unknown opposition which poses a threat to them. Evolutionary explanations of group displays of aggression can also account for ritualised aggression observed in modern society; ritualised aggression in...
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...Mega Sporting Events on Host countries Nitika Mangal Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 Chapter 1: Introduction 4 Chapter 2: Aim and Objectives 5 Chapter 3: Literature Review 6 Chapter 4: Analysis 1 - Economic Impact of Atlanta 1996 Olympics 9 Positive Impact 9 Negative Impact 10 Chapter 5: Analysis 2 - Economic Impact of Sydney 2000 Olympics 12 Positive Impact 12 Negative Impact 14 Chapter 6: Analysis 3 - Economic Impact of Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics 16 Positive Impact 16 Negative Impact 18 Chapter 7: Analysis 4 - Economic Impact of FIFA 2010 World Cup, SA 20 Positive Impact 20 Negative Impact 21 Chapter 8: Analysis 5 - Economic Impact of FIFA 2014 World Cup, Brazil 23 Positive Impact 23 Negative Impact 24 Chapter 9: Overall Critical Analysis of Mega Sporting Events 26 Olympics 26 FIFA World Cup 29 Chapter 10: Challenges in Calculating Economic Impact 31 Chapter 11: Conclusion 34 References 35 Chapter 1: Introduction Hosting a sporting event, and that too a mega-sporting event is considered to be a proud moment in the history of any country. It is hard to provide a clear and well defined meaning for the term mega-event, as its difference from a normal event is not just dependent on the number of actual participants. It needs the fulfillment of many different factors for an event to be...
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...Table of contents Executive Summary 3 Project Specifications 4 Product and Parent Company 4 Target Market 4 Product’s Lifecycle 5 Development 6 Strategies and Product Mix 6 Pricing 7 Distribution 7 Branding 8 Promotion 8 Observations and Conclusions 9 References 10 Appendix 11 Executive Summary Being frequent consumers of soft drinks and having two members from Brazil in our group, we realized that even though the market for soft drinks can be considered saturated, it also shows some opportunities for different and innovative products that can add something extra to the current range of options for consumers. For this reason, we have decided to bring to the U.S. the most famous soda in Brazil, called “Guaraná Antarctica” that will bring a unique and surprising taste to those like us, who appreciate a tasteful and refreshing soda. Our project will give insight and provide details about how we plan to make our product one of the major competitors in the soft drink market. Our main objective is to provide a soda completely different from anything that can be found in the U.S. market, while we bring a product that is directly related to the Brazilian culture and could add some new perspectives on how we look at the soft drink market. We will look forward to present our idea to some beverage distribution companies in order to make it possible to bring the product in a large scale to the U.S., as we plan to partner with AmBev (the Brazilian company that...
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...CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Hosting World Cup is an opportunity that no country contemplates of when thinking of global narratives. This event has traditionally been considered a privilege of developed countries, but this has changed in the recent past as evident by the fact that developing countries have been given the right host this international competition. For instance, South Africa hosted the 2010 World Cup and Brazil the 2014 World Cup. Notably, there has been intense competition between nations to host World Cup. Many countries have vowed to invest billions of dollars in order to increase their chances of being elected to host such mega event. Why should countries compete to host this event? There could be numerous reasons why a number of countries are keen on hosting World Cup, but the most compelling is the promise of an economic and social windfall. Soccer is one of the sports which people tend to identify themselves with. It has gained popularity owing to its impacts on the players, followers, states and other stakeholders. Currently, the game is estimated to have the highest number of followers than any other sport. Due to its vast effects, Soccer World Cups have gained popularity in the past two decades. For the previously held World Cups, great focus has been on social and economic effects. There numerous articles that have been written about the positive and negative effects of World Cups especially to the host countries. Before the 2010 World Cup...
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...Managers and their not-so rational decisions * Two cognitive systems that influence decision making: * System 1 refers to a process that is fast, effortless, and intuitive. * System 2 is a slow, controlled, and rule-governed decision making process. * also susceptible to biases that interfere with our ability to make good decisions * biases also affect System 2 processes, causing managers to make irrational decisions. * most decisions that executives face are yes/no decisions * the rational model of choice follows the everyday assumption that human behavior has some purpose * Yet Simon (1957) suggests that managers make imperfect decisions due to a variety of factors including lack of information, inadequate time, and cognitive limitations. * Decision making biases * Framing and loss aversion * When executives make decisions, they may frame the potential outcomes of their decisions differently relative to an earlier status quo. * When options are framed as potential for loss, prospect theory describes how managers may be irrationally unwilling to incur loss. * their “value function” is twice as steep when they consider losses than when they consider gains. * Risk seeking * Risk seeking behavior works in two different ways * First, individuals will take irrational risks when the alternative is a certain loss, despite the fact that System 2 processes should lead...
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...that there are at least five ways in which sport and religion are deeply interrelated: first, it can be demonstrated that, in pre-modern societies, ritualized sport was very often part of worship of the gods; second, altered states of consciousness attained during sport have frequently been compared to religious or mystical experiences; third, some modern sporting champions have professed religious faith and attributed their success to divine power; fourth, the devotion of fans to sporting teams and individual “stars” resembles religions fervor; fifth and final, in the modern West, sport has become a functional equivalent of religion for some people. These connections between religion and sport are undeniable, but not uncontroversial. Scholars and critics who have attempted to articulate them and offer explanations for them have encountered pitfalls. Adherents of traditional religions such as Judaism and Christianity have vigorously objected to the equation of sport with religion and of sporting “peak experiences” with religious experiences or mysticism. Christian commentators have questioned how compatible the modern sporting ethos of bodily perfection and fierce competition is with a religion focused on the suffering savior who was broken on the cross and preached turning the other cheek. The problematic relationship of sport to war in the West is significant here. In the European Middle Ages, valued physical activities were those that could serve as military training, such as...
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...Observation: The observation of the Appomattox population began even before arrival; as we drove into the town we observed at least two signs sporting a pro-Raiders (ACHS’ mascot) slogan. This expression of the community’s support of the high school was only the beginning as, upon arriving at the game, the attendance was overwhelming, filling the entire parking lot and both sides of the street leading to the field. Though there was an entrance fee, both bleacher stands and all around the field was packed with spectators. As we walked to the Heritage section, we passed many students, but even more abundantly, families. The number of older and younger individuals far outnumbered the students. Though on a student observation outing, the...
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...Sport Events Industry Individual Report Words: 2822 Special events have always been part of human history. Anthropologists have traced human civilization for tens of thousands of years, and at the heart of their observations are the ‘special events’ that typify and explain tribal behavior of that time and place. At this point, there is no question that special events have taken on all aspects of an “industry” in that their organization and management are the underlying support for marking the local and domestic details of our lives. Events are not restricted to festive celebrations but can include a variety of gatherings, serious or happy, and religious or cultural, including meetings and conferences, expositions and trade shows, private and public special events, art entertainment and sport events, media or corporate events, and events of various sizes. Events are given a lot of definitions but the most general one that characterizes events is “Temporary occurrence with a predetermined beginning and end. It is unique stemming from the blend of management, programme setting and people.” (Getz, 2005). On the following report there is a wide overview of the sport events sector, that will examine the history and development, the factors that support this sector, the impacts of these events, career opportunities that will arise through this sector and future trends. History and Development Sport reflects the country in which it is played, so inevitably the history of sport...
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...1 Executive Summary The Head of Ticketing must deliver a sales and marketing framework which achieves the vision of London 2012 Olympics as Everybody’s Games. It is incongruent to suppose maximum revenue and maximum attendance can both be achieved and therefore the critical problem is developing a strategy that affords the appropriate balance of emphasis to revenue or attendance. Previous host countries have had varying levels of success with their strategy and due to the unique context of the London 2012 games past approaches do not provide a definitive solution. This report utilises (model) to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the two propositions, evaluate the options for each and provide a recommended sales and marketing approach. Ultimately, the analysis identifies an attendance focused strategy will more likely achieve the vision and have longer term social benefits and revenue potential. 2 Introduction This report focuses on the responsibility of the Head of Ticketing, London Organizing Committee of the Olympic Games (LOCOG), to establish a sales and marketing strategy for the 7.9 million tickets available at the London 2012 Olympics. With the support of 70% of people in the UK, London’s Olympic bid was founded on three key aspects; firstly, the opportunity to socially and economically revitalise the disadvantaged area of East London; secondly, creating the first 100% public transport facilitated games, and ultimately, recognition of the London 2012...
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...diverse group of age ranges and see both males and females interact. Starbucks have a wide variety of customers that come in, especially a wide variety of businessmen and businesswomen. I believe that this was a perfect spot to conduct my observations. I was thinking about conducting my research at my current job but I figured I would choose somewhere where I did not know any of the people there, so I figured this would make my observations more interesting. Going into this project I thought I would see a diverse age group that ranged from children, students to young adults and retirees. I also thought I would observe females interacting with females, males interacting with males, and females interacting with males. During these observations, I hoped to observe how people interact differently based on what kind of situation they are in (business versus social), and I also hoped to observe behaviors between different genders. Starbucks was a great place to conduct this research because I always see professionals meeting up with their business laptops. I conducted these observations on a Saturday afternoon, and I stayed for about three hours. I figured a Saturday would be a good time because that’s when I could get a really good observation. During this time, I observed about two handfuls of random people. The people I observed included a group of men who appeared to be retired, a group of women who looked like they were in there late 60s, two businesswomen, a group of businessmen...
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...Schemmp; 1985, Wallace v. Jaffree; 1992, Lee v. Weisman; 199, Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe Many of those against prayer in school declare it is unconstitutional and violates the “separation of church and state.” Even though the clause is not found in the United States Constitution, it is an accepted principle of American law. Others contend that public schools are intended for education not religious observation. Public schools are government funded by the taxpayers it could become government established religion and should remain neutral. Since students are allowed to pray silently or on a voluntary basis, no formal prayer necessary. It could cause intolerance among students who do not participate. It has been said by some in opposition that prayer is better left at home and religious institution of the students’ choice. Among people against prayer in school are as follows: If you allow Christian prayer, then you must allow Muslim, Buddhist, Jewish, etc. On the other hand, there are many people and organizations in favor of prayer in school and sporting events. Some of those in favor of school prayer believe that since the court outlawed prayer, the nation has been in steady moral decline for almost fifty years. The American organization lists as fact during this period devoice has doubled, teenage pregnancy went up 20%, teen suicide increased 300% , child abuse reached an all-time high, violent crimes went up 500%, and abortion increased 1000%. There appears to be...
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