...PH 104: ANATOMY I/IV FIRST YEAR FIRST SEMESTER Introduction: Anatomy is a basic science subject dealing with the knowledge of the structure of the human body in health. Mastery of the subject lays a foundation for understanding other basic science subjects, and clinical subjects in subsequent years. The pharmacy anatomy course consists of a single module of lectures and seminars. Objectives: At the end of the course the students should be able to:- Describe the structure of the human body as seen by the naked eye in health. Identify different parts of the human body. Use medical/anatomical terminology. Describe physiological processes in health and disease using the anatomy terms. Describe the processes involved in the development of the human body. Describe congenital malformations and how they come about and the times when drugs can have teratological effect. UNIT I Introduction to Anatomy: Components of Anatomy, Methods for learning Anatomy, Anatomical terminology Introduction to Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, General introduction to tissues of the body, Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue UNIT II Human skeletal system: Types of bone, Histology of bone, Individual bones, Human Anatomy of major joints, Applied anatomy Human Muscular system: Histology of muscle tissue, Organization of different type of muscle, skeletal muscles UNIT III Human Alimentary system: Components and general organization; Gross anatomy, Histology of different components, Applied...
Words: 369 - Pages: 2
...Anatomy and Physiology 1-1 Explain the importance of studying anatomy and physiology. Studying anatomy and physiology is important because knowing how normal physiology helps you recognize when something goes wrong with the body. 1-2 Define anatomy and physiology, describe the origins of anatomical and physiological terms, and explain the significance of Terminologia Anatomica (International Anatomical Terminology). Anatomy is the study of internal and external body structures. Physiology is the study of how living organisms perform functions. There are four basic building blocks of anatomical and physiological terms. Word roots, prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms. Terminologia Anatomica serves as a worldwide official standard of anatomical vocabulary. So people all over the world can have the same anatomical terms. 1-3 Explain the relationship between anatomy and physiology, and describe various specialties of each discipline. All specific functions are performed by different structures. Meaning the way a body part is made up (anatomy) gives clues on how that body part will function (physiology). Specialties in gross anatomy is surface anatomy, regional anatomy, systemic anatomy, clinical anatomy, and developmental anatomy. Specialties in physiology is cell physiology, organ physiology, systemic physiology and pathological physiology. 1-4 Identify the major levels of organization in organisms, from the simplest to the most complex...
Words: 730 - Pages: 3
...Let’s talk anatomy Anatomy is the science of body structures and the relationships among them. It is all around us, it is basically us. The human anatomy deals with basically all the parts of humans, dealing with molecules to bones to the way we function, but that can also get misinterpreted for Physiology which is the study of body functions and how the body parts work, which in this case it is something different. Anatomy and Physiology are two concepts that are related to each other, as stated before anatomy is the science of body structures and the relationship among them, while Physiology is the study of body functions and how body parts work together. Now, with all of that being said Anatomy differs from physiology in many ways, the study of anatomy usually focuses on the shape, size, and where they are usually located at. In my perspective anatomy is more like dissection of the body, you can easily cut up the body and with your very own eyes see what the body is, or in more scientific forms using a microscope for a more detailed view. A person can easily see what they are encountering on a body and what system is connected to what. In physiology its rather more vigorous mostly involving different types of properties (chemical, physical or electrical) that make the body function. Beginning from the process of how our heart rate is regulated to more difficult systems involving different visual perceptions. Physiology is usually involved with the work of living...
Words: 1038 - Pages: 5
...Seven Organizational Approaches Brittany Hasty HCA/220 June 9th, 2015 Debra Schrager Seven Organizational Approaches The healthy human body can be studied in seven different ways. These ways include the following; body planes and cavities, body cavities, quadrants and regions, anatomy and physiology, microscopic and macroscopic, body systems, and medical specialties. In order for the human body to be considered healthy it must have complete physical, mental, and social well-being. The seven different ways involve approaching the body from different angles by dividing or organizing the body. There are three main planes used to study the body: the coronal, sagittal, and the transverse planes. The coronal plane divides the human body vertically into front and back sections. The front section is the anterior or ventral, and the back section is known as the dorsal or posterior. The sagittal plane is a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sections. There are two directions used when dividing the body in a sagittal plane- lateral and medial. The lateral direction moves from either side of the body toward the body’s midline. The medial direction moves in the opposite direction, from the body’s midline to either side of the body. The transverse plane is a horizontal plane that divides the body into bottom and top sections. The bottom half is known as the inferior section, while the top half is referred to as the superior section. In order for the human body...
Words: 700 - Pages: 3
...“When the human body's countless parts function correctly, the body is in a state of health or optimum wellness. The study of the healthy human body can be done in several different ways. Each way approaches the body from a specific standpoint and provides unique information about the body. Each approach divides and organizes complex information about the body in a logical way. These approaches include the following: body planes and body directions, body cavities, quadrants and regions, anatomy and physiology, microscopic to macroscopic, body systems, and medical specialties” (Turley, 2011). Body planes and body direction is one approach that divides the body into front and back, right and left, and top and bottom. The three main body planes are coronal, sagittal plane, and transvers plane. The body directions showcase the movement towards or away from the planes. The major directions are superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, proximal, distal, superficial, and deep. “There are many times in medicine that a doctor has to record information in a medical record or tell another doctor the exact body part or location of disorders or damage to your body or an organ. To do that, there are standard terms for describing human anatomy including the body and its organs. These terms are often used to describe medical imaging such as CAT scans, PET scans and MRIs where the scans take pictures of the body in flat slices” (Media Partners, 2011). Body cavities are spaces...
Words: 1157 - Pages: 5
...Clinical Notes The Visible Human Project p. 7 Homeostasis and Disease p. 13 An Introduction to Studying the Human Body This textbook will serve as an introduction to the inner workings of your body, providing information about both its structure and its function. Many of the students who use this book are preparing for careers in health-related fields—but regardless of your career choice, you will find the information within these pages relevant to your future. You do, after all, live in a human body! Being human, you most likely have a seemingly insatiable curiosity—and few subjects arouse so much curiosity as our own bodies. The study of anatomy and physiology will provide answers to many questions regarding the functioning of your body in both health and disease. Although we will be focusing on the human body, the principles we will learn apply to other living things as well. Our world contains an enormous diversity of living organisms that vary widely in appearance and lifestyle. One aim of biology—the science of life—is to discover the unity and the patterns that underlie this diversity, and thereby shed light on what we have in common with other living things. Animals can be classified according to their shared characteristics, and birds, fish, and humans are members of a group called the vertebrates, characterized by a segmented vertebral column. The shared characteristics and organizational patterns provide useful clues about how these animals have evolved over time...
Words: 5395 - Pages: 22
...up of epithelial tissue. It is produced constantly over a persons lifetime so will thicken. It consists of two laminae: -Anterior laminae -Poster laminae Descemet’s is very resistant to trauma but also has the ability to regenerate. Remington LA. Clinical Anatomy & Physiology of the Visual System 3rd edition, page 18 Bvii. What important role does the endothelium play in the physiology of the cornea? The endothelium is leaky. This incomplete barrier allows the entrance of nutrients. Water will pass out of this incomplete barrier and water will be actively transported out. The fluid needs to be drained for the Stroma and the cornea as a whole to be transparent. This obviously means that the Endothelium plays a massively important role as without it, the layers and cells wouldn’t receive the nutrients they require to function properly and without the drainage of fluid, the eye would be almost useless as the surfaces that should be transparent, would be cloudy. Remington LA. Clinical Anatomy & Physiology of the Visual System 3rd edition, pages 18-20 External Limbus 4....
Words: 1170 - Pages: 5
...the walls there are illustrations or 3D molds of the human body whether it be of the muscularly system, nervous system, or the skeleton. Ever wondered who drew that or how that was created? These people who create these images are called Medical Illustrators. Medical illustrators are professional artists who are trained not just in art but in life sciences. This got me thinking, how were artists able to create life like sketches of the human anatomy without the technology availability today and how far back does human anatomy illustration go? Researching into the history of human anatomy, where and when it began, who provided the best discoveries, what artists contributed to science and how past and modern technology has helped artists create the life like works today. Medical illustrations have been used and created possibly since the beginning of medicine, in this case for hundreds or thousands of years. Many illuminated manuscripts of the medieval period contain illustrations. That represents various...
Words: 484 - Pages: 2
...LECTURE NOTES For Nursing Students Human Anatomy and Physiology Nega Assefa Alemaya University Yosief Tsige Jimma University In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2003 Funded under USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-00-0358-00. Produced in collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education. Important Guidelines for Printing and Photocopying Limited permission is granted free of charge to print or photocopy all pages of this publication for educational, not-for-profit use by health care workers, students or faculty. All copies must retain all author credits and copyright notices included in the original document. Under no circumstances is it permissible to sell or distribute on a commercial basis, or to claim authorship of, copies of material reproduced from this publication. ©2003 by Nega Assefa and Yosief Tsige All rights reserved. Except as expressly provided above, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the author or authors. This material is intended for educational use only by practicing health care workers or students and faculty...
Words: 63550 - Pages: 255
...Summary of the Anatomy of the Frog As in other higher vertebrates, the frog body may be divided into a head, a short neck, and a trunk. The flat head contains the brain, mouth, eyes, ears, and nose. A short, almost rigid neck permits only limited head movement. The stubby trunk forms walls for a single body cavity, the coelom (Anatomy of the Frog). All the frog's internal organs--including the heart, the lungs, and all organs of digestion--are held in this single hollow space (Anatomy of the Frog). The Skeleton and Muscles The frog's body is supported and protected by a bony framework called the skeleton. The skull is flat, except for an expanded area that encases the small brain. Only nine vertebrae make up the frog's backbone, or vertebral column. The human backbone has 24 vertebrae. The frog has no ribs (Anatomy of the Frog). The frog does not have a tail. Only a spike like bone, the urostyle, remains as evidence that primitive frogs probably had tails. The urostyle, or "tail pillar," is a downward extension of the vertebral column (Anatomy of the Frog). The shoulders and front legs of the frog are somewhat similar to man's shoulders and arms. The frog has one "forearm" bone, the radio-ulna. Man has two forearm bones, the radius and the ulna. Both frog and man have one "upper arm" bone, the humerus (Anatomy of the Frog). The hind legs of the frog are highly specialized for leaping. The single "shinbone" is the tibiofibula. Man has two lower leg bones, the tibia...
Words: 1278 - Pages: 6
...The Seven Organizational Approaches HCA/220 Seven Organizational Approaches Health care has seven organizational approaches that are different methods that are used for viewing, as well as exploring the human body and gathering information about the human body. Each ones of these methods is a way that helps produce different ways of organizing information about the body and each of these methods produce different information. Each of these approaches are a way of describing the body. The organizational approaches are body planes and body directions, body cavities, quadrants and regions, anatomy and physiology, microscopic and macroscopic, body systems, and medical specialties. These organizational approaches will be explained and how they are used to study the human body, its systems, as well as how they are used in health care. The first organizational approach is body planes and body directions. Body planes and body directions are divided into three main parts and are referred to as planes. The coronal plane, which is also known as the frontal plane is the first plane. This divides the body into the front and the back. Which also is called the anterior section and the posterior section. The sagittal plane is the second plane that divides the body. The sagittal plane splits the body into the right plane and into the left plane. “By studying the sagittal plane, doctors are able to explore the reasons behind the lower back pain and alignment within the sagittal plane”...
Words: 977 - Pages: 4
...1: The Human Body: An Orientation I. An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology (pp. 1–3) A. Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to each other, and physiology is the study of the function of body parts (p. 2). B. Topics of Anatomy (p. 2) 1. Gross (macroscopic) anatomy is the study of structures large enough to be seen with the naked eye. a. Regional anatomy is the study of all body structures in a given body region. b. Systemic anatomy is the study of all structures in a body system. c. Surface anatomy is the study of internal body structures as they relate to the overlying skin. 2. Microscopic anatomy is the study of structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye. a. Cytology is the study of individual cells. b. Histology is the study of tissues. 3. Developmental anatomy is the study of the change in body structures over the course of a lifetime; embryology focuses on development that occurs before birth. 4. Specialized Branches of Anatomy a. Pathological anatomy is the study of structural changes associated with disease. b. Radiographic anatomy is the study of internal structures using specialized visualization techniques. c. Molecular biology is the study of biological molecules. 5. Essential tools for studying anatomy are the mastery of medical terminology and the development of keen observational skills. ...
Words: 2871 - Pages: 12
...Yelena Crater The seven organizational approaches are what we recognize to be the different parts of the body in laymen’s terms. In medical terms it would be recognized as body planes and body directions, body cavities, quadrants and regions, anatomy and physiology, microscopic to macroscopic, systems and medical specialties. These are all terms that we will access that describe the anatomy of the human body in depth. Body parts are the different parts of the body that we all use from day to day. Planes are imaginary flat surfaces that divide the body into separate parts. There are three main parts to the body when it is in the plane (anatomical view) sagittal plane which is the plane that divides the body into a left and right side view. Then there is the coronal view and the with this plane the body is divided into anterior and posterior view (front and back). We then have the transverse plane which is the horizontal plane and this plane is parallel to the ground and divides the body into up and down. And last we have the oblique plane which is a slanted plane that lies between the horizontal and vertical planes. We then look at the term body cavity which is the areas in the body that contain out internal organs. There are two main cavities of the human body and they are the dorsal and ventral cavities. The dorsal cavity is what is on the posterior (back) of the body and there are different cavities that are associated with it and they are the cranial (brain), and spinal...
Words: 562 - Pages: 3
...Seven Organizational Approaches There are seven different organizational approaches to the human body. It’s imperative to understand how the human body works and complex systems. The seven organizational approaches are body cavities, body planes and direction, anatomy and physiology, quadrants and regions, medical specialty, microscopic-to-macroscopic, and body systems. Besides the importance of just understanding the human body, each can be used when applying knowledge to practical use in the healthcare industry. All of these approaches are imperative to learn and understand when in the healthcare industry. The body cavity is the study of body organs and cavities within them. Body cavities help divide the body into sections or compartments and help give organs a particular “place” in the body. Harris (2005) stated, “Humans have four body cavities: (1) the dorsal body cavity that encloses the brain and spinal cord; (2) the thoracic cavity that encloses the heart and lungs; (3) the abdominal cavity that encloses most of the digestive organs and kidneys; and (4) the pelvic cavity that encloses the bladder and reproductive organs.” .This type of approach is often used when a particular organ is being studied as an entire system like the gastrointestinal system that is in the abdominopelvic cavity or the brain in the cranial cavity. Body cavities can also be useful for observing how a disease affects numerous organs within the human body. Body...
Words: 947 - Pages: 4
...Course Title: Anatomy and Physiology I Sections: E1 Course number: SCI- 201 Credit Hours: 4 Semester: Spring 2011 Office: Instructor: DR. Alfred Gaskin Phone: 617-427- 0060 Class Time and Location: Lecture: Wed. 6:00 – 8:45 Room 3-426 Lab: Mon .. 6:00 – 8:45 Room 3-403 Course Description: This course is designed to provide students with a basic understanding of the structure, function and disorders of the human body. Topics include an overview of the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems, as well as a discussion of tissues and special senses. A three- hour lab session is required each week. Prerequisites: SCI-103; SCI-104 Objectives: 1. To provide basic understanding and working knowledge of the human body. 2. To develop writing and critical thinking. 3. To become familiar with essential concepts including structure and functional level of organization and homeostasis. 4. To recognize the gross and microscopic anatomy of the tissues and organs and also demonstrate how different tissue types interact to create organs. ...
Words: 2309 - Pages: 10
