...The modern Olympic Games are the leading international sporting event featuring summer and winter sports competitions in which thousands of athletes participate in a variety of competitions. The Olympic Games are considered to be the world's foremost sports competition with more than 200 nations participating. The Olympic Games are held every four years, with the Summer and Winter Games alternating, meaning they each occur every four years but two years apart. Their creation was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, which were held in Olympia, Greece, from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD. Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1894. The IOC is the governing body of the Olympic Movement, with the Olympic Charter defining its structure and authority. The evolution of the Olympic Movement during the 20th and 21st centuries has resulted in several changes to the Olympic Games. Some of these adjustments include the creation of the Winter Games for ice and winter sports, the Paralympic Games for athletes with a disability, and the Youth Olympic Games for teenage athletes. The IOC has had to adapt to a variety of economic, political, and technological advancements. As a result, the Olympics shifted away from pure amateurism, as envisioned by Coubertin, to allow participation of professional athletes. The growing importance of mass media created the issue of corporate sponsorship and commercialization of the Games. World wars led to the...
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...In Sochi will set up special "zones for meetings." The news was announced the president of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) Thomas Bach at a meeting of the Executive Board of the organization in Switzerland. He, however, did not go into details - so do not know where these areas will be, who is going to create and control. Thomas Bach stressed only that people who want to express their views on any issue or protest will be given the opportunity, writes USA Today, which is referenced Newsru.com. "We welcome this measure by which everyone can express their opinion" - quoted by Bach at a press conference in Lausanne "Russian service of the BBC." Russian experts, however, resemble three months ago, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a decree on the organization of security in Sochi during the 2014 Olympics, where it is directly prohibited rallies and demonstrations during the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Ibid described rules around the city of individuals - in some areas can be accessed only with the approval of the authorities, others will generally closed for public use. President's decree, in particular, defined "control zones" created in Sochi, for getting into that require a special permit and where will be enhanced inspection of vehicles by law enforcement officers. In the "forbidden zone" located around the Olympic venues, restrict access "without the overhead and operational needs." In addition, according to the document, from January 7 to March 21, 2014 in...
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...The Complexity of the Olympic Games On February 9 the Winter Olympics began in Pyeongchang, South Korea. These were the twenty-third Olympic Games, and continued until February 25. There is quite a bit of history behind the Olympics, dating all the way back to the 7th century B.C. Those games are now known as the Ancient Olympic Games, which were discontinued with the rise of Christianity in 394 A.D. The current Olympics, which were revived in 1896, are known as the Modern Olympic Games. The history of and reasoning for the Ancient Games remained quite simple until their downfall. However, the revival and history of the Modern Olympics has often been complicated mostly due to politics, discrimination, and drug use even though the sports and...
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...Getting schooled at the Bridgestone Winter Driving School. Ah, winter — the least favorite season for many of us as cold temperatures, snow, and ice often prevail, especially throughout snow country. I grew up in New Jersey and now live in the “sunny South,” but we have our share of wintry storms, usually delivering more ice, than snow. That makes for treacherous driving conditions, something I’ve learned to avoid by waiting for roads to clear before heading out. I’ve written extensively about tires, including the importance of checking air pressure regularly (at least monthly), rotating tires, and replacing them once tread levels fall to 2/32 of an inch. Tires are the only thing that separates thousands of pounds of vehicular mass from the road — if they’re not in optimum condition, the risk of a flat or a blowout increases, what may lead to a serious accident....
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...Hosting Major Sport Event Hosting a major sporting event can give many economic, social and cultural benefits. However, the costs of hosting the event can also be quite high. Advantages Raise profile of city / country Raising the profile of a city can lead to lasting economic benefits. For example, cities which host the Olympics can be assured of a persistent increase in recognition and tourism. Barcelona, Sydney, Beijing have all seen this from hosting the Olympics. For a country like China with a controversial human rights record, hosting a major sporting event can be a way to gain greater international acceptance. When South Africa hosted the Rugby World Cup and later the Football World Cup, it was a defining moment in highlighting the new ‘post-apartheid’ South Africa. This raised profile can be important for giving economic benefits, such as, attracting tourists and business investment. The importance of this point depends on the particular city. For South Africa, the World Cup made a big difference to perceptions of South Africa. For a city like London, which already has a very strong reputation, hosting the Olympics will be less influential. However, even hosting the Commonwealth Games can be beneficial for a city like Manchester, which benefited from hosting games, despite persistent rain! Long Term Investment A significant benefit is the long-term investment which comes from preparing for a major event. The city / country will have a legacy of improved sporting...
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..."showing-off"? When a city or nation is awarded the privilege of hosting a mega event, they are almost always required to enhance or develop their infrastructure. The developments which are created from these events are known as legacies. However, these legacies have a great risk to become "white elephants" ( Barclay, 2009,p.3). Thereupon, my research project was directed to understand do facilities in Almaty which were built for 2011 Asian Winter Games are used today and provide help for national athletes and the city. Result showed they do, but not without problems. However, legacies can come in many forms such as economic, tourism or sporting. Consequently, summarizing everything I have and answering on the main question it is clear that it is possible to achieve the best and positive outcome from hosting a mega event ,but a well-considered and actual legacy plan is essential to providing long term benefits for the local and wider communities. Impact of mega-sporting events 3 Introduction Can you imagine that since the Modern Olympics began in 1896,...
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...The modern Olympic Games (French: Jeux olympiques[1]) are the leading international sporting event featuring summer and winter sports competitions in which thousands of athletes from around the world participate in a variety of competitions. The Olympic Games are considered to be the world's foremost sports competition with more than 200 nations participating.[2] The Olympic Games are held every four years, with theSummer and Winter Games alternating by occurring every four years but two years apart. Their creation was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, which were held in Olympia, Greece, from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD. Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1894. The IOC is the governing body of the Olympic Movement, with the Olympic Charter defining its structure and authority. The evolution of the Olympic Movement during the 20th and 21st centuries has resulted in several changes to the Olympic Games. Some of these adjustments include the creation of the Winter Olympic Games for ice and winter sports, the Paralympic Games for athletes with a disability, and the Youth Olympic Games for teenage athletes. The IOC has had to adapt to a variety of economic, political, and technological advancements. As a result, the Olympics has shifted away from pure amateurism, as envisioned by Coubertin, to allowing participation ofprofessional athletes. The growing importance of mass media created the issue of corporate sponsorship...
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...that the United States had been gearing up for against the Soviet Union and many people had lost their jobs. McCarthyism did indeed bring about new fear within the American people. People were now afraid of who else was a communist. Was it their boss? Their neighbor? The local convenient store owner? This general uneasiness of the period led to the breaking of many men’s fragile masculinity, which made it a troublesome period in general, but it would only be the beginning. In 1955, the United States entered its first major hot proxy war of the Cold War, the Vietnam War. Like in WWII, this war saw many men being drafted to fight, but unlike WWII this war was not widely accepted by the public. It was hard for many people to understand the importance in being in Vietnam when they wouldn’t be fighting the Soviet Union directly at all. Even if they won the war, they wouldn’t have won the war. This war led to many protests and riots around the country. By 1979, the people of United States were in distress. The Vietnam War had been loss and it had appeared that the Soviet Union was unbeatable. The people had begun to lose faith in the government for entering a war that appeared to no end and one that they were now thought to be the underdogs in. On July 15, 1979, Jimmy Carter gave his Crisis of Confidence address to the nation. In his speech, he apologized to the people for the government being so isolated, and not taking for account what the people want. He asks to talk to the people...
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...The Olympics: Excellence, Friendship and Respect The Olympics: Excellence, Friendship and Respect Introduction The Olympics were for many years a great event to unite countries, cultures and outstanding athletes, a display of endurance, strength and dynamics upon the glory of being the first, which is reason enough to attract fanatics around the world every four years, and here we will explore the beginning, reason and effect it causes to us, the spectators. (Jorge Zalazar, 2012) History According to historical records, the first ancient Olympics can be trace back to 776 B.C. (before Christ) They were dedicated to the Olympian gods and were stage in the ancient plains of Olympia. They continue for nearly 12 centuries, until Emperor Theodosius decreed in 393 A.D. (Anno Domini, in the year of the lord) that all such “pagan cults” be banned. The Olympic Games were closely linked to the religious festival of the cult of Zeus, aimed to show the physical qualities and evolution of the performance accomplished by young people, as well as encouraging good relation between the cities of Greece. (Ancient Olympic Games.2012) The games were held every four years during august and September and the word “Olympiad”, which referred to the four years interval between competitions, was commonly used to measure time. (Olympic dates and history.2012) The Games were initially one day event until 684 B.C., when they were extended to three days. In the 5th century B.C., the games were extended...
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...Economic Impact of Mega Sporting Events on Host countries Nitika Mangal Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 Chapter 1: Introduction 4 Chapter 2: Aim and Objectives 5 Chapter 3: Literature Review 6 Chapter 4: Analysis 1 - Economic Impact of Atlanta 1996 Olympics 9 Positive Impact 9 Negative Impact 10 Chapter 5: Analysis 2 - Economic Impact of Sydney 2000 Olympics 12 Positive Impact 12 Negative Impact 14 Chapter 6: Analysis 3 - Economic Impact of Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics 16 Positive Impact 16 Negative Impact 18 Chapter 7: Analysis 4 - Economic Impact of FIFA 2010 World Cup, SA 20 Positive Impact 20 Negative Impact 21 Chapter 8: Analysis 5 - Economic Impact of FIFA 2014 World Cup, Brazil 23 Positive Impact 23 Negative Impact 24 Chapter 9: Overall Critical Analysis of Mega Sporting Events 26 Olympics 26 FIFA World Cup 29 Chapter 10: Challenges in Calculating Economic Impact 31 Chapter 11: Conclusion 34 References 35 Chapter 1: Introduction Hosting a sporting event, and that too a mega-sporting event is considered to be a proud moment in the history of any country. It is hard to provide a clear and well defined meaning for the term mega-event, as its difference from a normal event is not just dependent on the number of actual participants. It needs the fulfillment of many different factors...
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...maintain costs low to retain value for money Having a good sustainable relationship with suppliers is a main importance at all times and particular within the economic downturn. To keeping and maintaining costs low and margin at a good level, keeps the company at an edge to the market. Sales Forecast 2.5 Billion (2011) Statistics 98% of the words population recognise the coca cola brand 1.4 Million Drinks a day and millions of business partners 44% share soft drinks market Challenges Increased advertisement during the winter months such as Christmas. Due to the effect of low sales received compared to the summer period of high sales and promotions of events. High ratio of complaints within the month of December Ingredients / Raw Materials Water Syrup Glass (Imported from Saudi Arabia) Expensive Material: Carbon Foot print higher Minimum storage (No more than a week) UK Statistics 30 % recycle plastic (Reduce Footprint) 27% share of UK soft drinks 4,650 fte employees 7 Manufacturing Sites 4 other major sites (HQ) 25,000 products of coca cola are stored within the warehouse Takes half an hour to load trucks with the advanced technology of the machinery that hands picks specific orders for specific suppliers Timeline 1960- New Design of bottle Conjure bottle (shaped as women) 1990-New Design taking over the USA 1928- Largest sponsors for the Olympics from 1928 till present Eco-Friendly Reduce the amount of waste to landfill by 2% PTI-Plastic Bottles...
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...Sports Architecture in Modern China A comparison between 2008 Olympic venues and 1990 Asian Games venues Introduction Hosting the 2008 Olympic Games is monumental in Chinese history, almost a century ago, Chinese scholars dreamed of the Olympics being staged in China, which marks sovereignty and power of the country in a global view. Therefore, when the long time expectation is about to become real, the primary goal for Chinese government and citizens is to show the best part of China to the world. This paper focuses on what and how the Chinese have done in order to accomplish the mission of hosting a successful game. A number of Olympic architectures are reviewed in terms of their locations, the cultural meanings behind as well as their unique characteristics. At the meantime, in this paper I try to compare Olympic venues with their counterparts built for the Beijing 1990 Asian Games, due to their close relations, which I will further explain in the later session of this paper. I. Location of 2008 Olympics and 1990 Asian Games venues An international comprehensive sports game usually consists of a main stadium, where the opening and closing ceremonies are held, and a village that multi-functions as accommodation, gymnasium, catering, etc. to athletes, trainers and officials, as well as other venues where various sessions of a game are hosted. To Beijing 2008 Olympiad, the location of the above buildings is extremely important, due to the unprecedented...
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...Miami 2020: Olympic Proposal Prepared for: International Olympic Committee 1 Olympic Plaza Colorado Springs, CO 80909-5708 Prepared by: Andrew Neely, Matthew Ori, David Schofield University of Florida Gainesville, FL 32611 April 21, 2010 Executive Summary The following is our proposal to the International Olympic Committee recommending Miami, Florida to host the 2020 Summer Olympic Games. Our team recommends Miami because of the diversity, means of safety, the existing infrastructure, and financing opportunities that Miami has to offer. Our team has found through extensive research of past Olympic Games and host cities that these are the four key areas of focus. The Olympic Games bring together people from all around the world and all the different types of people blend together to enjoy something great for two weeks every four years. Similarly, Miami does the same thing just on an everyday basis. Miami is home to people from all over the world and from all different backgrounds. The diversity in Miami has been researched and will be used as an asset to the Olympic Games. The city is already multi-linguistic which will be a major help in relieving stress when it comes to travel for the participants. Keeping this diverse group of people safe will be an issue Miami will face. The safety of the participants and fans is arguably the most important aspect the host city needs to focus on. The Miami area has been recently cutting down on crime and will continue this...
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...location is above the United States of America. Canada is located in the northern-most region of North America. Its southern territories run along the northern border of the continental United States. Canada has the eleventh-largest economy in the world and is one of the world's wealthiest nations. As with other developed nations, the Canadian economy is dominated by the service industry, which employs about three quarters of Canadians. Canada is unusual among developed countries in the importance of the primary sector, with the logging and oil industries being two of Canada's most important. Canada also has a sizable manufacturing sector, centered in Central Canada, with the automobile industry and aircraft industry especially important. With a long coastal line, Canada has the 8th largest commercial fishing and seafood industry in the world. Canada is one of the global leaders of the entertainment software industry. Canada’s climate is not as cold all year round as you might think. Winter temperatures fall below freezing in most of Canada but the South Western coast is relatively mild. Along the Arctic Circle is where it is coldest, the temperatures fall below freezing for around seven months of the year. During the summer the Southern provinces often have temperatures of over 86 °F and high levels of humidity. In terms of rainfall, Western and South-Eastern Canada has the most, while the...
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...Brazil’s Economy In 2001, Brazil was viewed as one of the up and coming, fastest growing economies in the world. In fact, Jim O’Neill wrote a paper titled, “Building Better Global Economic BRICs”, which is about the emerging economies in the world. The acronym BRIC represents: Brazil, Russia, India, and China (Smith). These global leaders have lived up to expectations and have grown at a much faster rate than the rest of the world. They have been able to lift millions of people out of poverty, including 40 million in Brazil alone. Will Brazil continue to be part of the BRIC in years to come? A 2010 Goldman Sachs report predicted by the year 2030 the BRIC countries would account for an astounding 41% of the world’s market share (Smith). But we now see that those predicted numbers are very far from certain. Many believe if Brazil does not improve some of its problems plaguing its society, the BRIC could easily become the RIC group. Without the necessary changes being made, Brazil’s annual compounding rate of 4.4% could be washed away. Recently the GDP numbers show their industrial output lingering around recession numbers. It is also predicted that the Brazilian economy will grow less than the U.S. economy this year (Rapoza). Brazil was originally able to secure its spot in the fastest growing nations in the mid to late nineties by bold privatization and economic liberalization policies by then president Fernando Henrique Cardoso. Cardoso’s successor, “Lula” da...
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