...The organs in a human body are made of a structure called tissue which is also made of cells with similar functions. Tissues are commonly categorized by the function of the cells that make them up. There are four types of tissues in the human body which are nervous, epithelial, muscular, and connective. The main components that make up nervous tissue are nerve cells or neurons. An important structure of nervous tissue are the neuroglial cells. Neurons are a specialized type of cell that receive and transmit information as electrical or chemical signals. Neurons pass on the information by synapses which are structures that resemble junctions in non-neural cells (Campbell, 2004). A neuron consists of three elements. The soma is the central body...
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...Anatomy of the Nervous System 3 Systems, Structures, and Cells That Make Up Your Nervous System 3.1 General Layout of the Nervous System 3.4 Spinal Cord 3.2 Cells of the Nervous System 3.5 Five Major Divisions of the Brain 3.3 Neuroanatomical Techniques and Directions 3.6 Major Structures of the Brain ISBN 0-558-78571-9 Biopsychology, Eighth Edition, by John P.J. Pinel. Published by Allyn & Bacon. Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. 3.1 ■ General Layout of the Nervous System I n order to understand what the brain does, it is first necessary to understand what it is—to know the names and locations of its major parts and how they are connected to one another. This chapter introduces you to these fundamentals of brain anatomy. Before you begin this chapter, I want to apologize for the lack of foresight displayed by early neuroanatomists in their choice of names for neuroanatomical structures— but, then, how could they have anticipated that Latin and Greek, universal languages of the educated in their day, would not be compulsory university fare in our time? To help you, I have provided the literal English meanings of many of the neuroanatomical terms, and I have kept this chapter as brief, clear, and to the point as possible, covering only the most important structures. The payoff for your effort will be a fundamental understanding of the structure of the human brain and a new vocabulary to discuss...
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...NEURON A neuron (/ˈnjʊərɒn/ nyewr-on or /ˈnʊərɒn/ newr-on; also known as a neurone or nerve cell) is an electricallyexcitable cell that processes and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals. These signals between neurons occur via synapses, specialized connections with other cells. Neurons can connect to each other to formneural networks. Neurons are the core components of the brain and spinal cord of the central nervous system (CNS), and of the ganglia of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Specialized types of neurons include: sensory neuronswhich respond to touch, sound, light and all other stimuli affecting the cells of the sensory organs that then send signals to the spinal cord and brain, motor neurons that receive signals from the brain and spinal cord to cause muscle contractions and affect glandular outputs, and interneurons which connect neurons to other neurons within the same region of the brain, or spinal cord in neural networks. A typical neuron consists of a cell body (soma), dendrites, and an axon. The term neurite is used to describe either a dendrite or an axon, particularly in its undifferentiated stage. Dendrites are thin structures that arise from the cell body, often extending for hundreds of micrometres and branching multiple times, giving rise to a complex "dendritic tree". An axon is a special cellular extension that arises from the cell body at a site called the axon hillock and travels for a distance, as far as 1 meter in humans...
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...from shocks by cerebrospinal fluid which circulates throughout the brain and the spinal cord. o The brain responds to information it receives from the rest of the body. Communication within the brain is two-way; (1) the brain receives and processes information and (2) then forwards the information with instructions on how to respond. o In the brain, a network of individual cells called neurons receives information and transmits it to the spinal cord. The spinal cord is a slender, roughly cylindrical rope of interconnected fibers, enclosed within the spinal column, that transmit information from sensory neurons to the brain and from the brain to motor neurons. o One function of the spinal cord is to collect information from the peripheral nervous system and transmit it to the brain and back again. o This two-way communication involves two kinds of neurons. o Sensory afferents receive electrochemical information from outlying neurons in the eyes, ears, and skin, and transmit it back up through the spinal cord to the brain. An afferent of any kind is a neuron that brings information into a structure. o Motor efferents transmit such information...
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...1. What are the basic components of the neuron, and what are their functions? The basic components of the neurons are the cell body, dendrites, and axons. The cell body has structures that can manufacture proteins and process nutrients. It provides energy the neurons need to function. It is also called the soma. The dendrites come from the Greek word meaning “tree”. They are short, branching fibers that extend from cell bodies of most neurons. The axons are an elongated tube that extends from the cell body in most neurons. 2. How is information communicated at the synapse? Information communicated at the synapse by using the presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron. Presynaptic neurons are message- sending neurons. The postsynaptic neurons...
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...different types of cells. The nervous system is built up by neurons and supporting cells. Neurons are the cells that actually conduct the signals, whereas the supporting cells are there to provide structure and assist the neurons. Neurons The neuron is the unit that is necessary for the nervous system to function. It transports signals form one part of the body to another. There are many different types of neurons, which differ in structure, depending on their function. However, most of them share similar features (Figure 1.1). One of these is that they have a large cell body (compared to the size of the whole neuron), which contains the nucleus...
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...Brain Function Table Component | Definition | Role in Learning and Development | Neurons | A neuron is known as an excitable cell that can process and transmit information through electrical and chemical signals. Neurons are the core components of the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord and nervous system. | Neurons begin developing in the early stages, like when a child is in the womb. Language and early stimulation is also tied in how children will interact. Interactions on a daily basis can stimulate a child’s brain. | Neurotransmitters | These are chemicals that transmit signals across a synapse from one neuron to another neuron. Most neurotransmitters are about the size of larger proteins or peptides. | A neurotransmitter plays a part in learning and in memory. So for classwork, it is important for a student to have this In their brain to function properly. | Axon | This is a nerve fibre, it is a long slender projection of a nerve cell. This conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron’s cell body. The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons. | A axon is a nerve receiver, in this case it can transmit information. So it can transmit information to other parts of the brain for the child to learn properly. | Myelin sheath | This is a material that forms a layer usually around the axon of a neuron. It is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system. It is an outgrowth of a type of glial...
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...nervous system is composed of neurons and neuroglia. _____sensory_______ _______receptors______ at the ends of peripheral nerves gather information and convert it into nerve impulses. When sensory impulses are integrated in the brain as _______sensations_______, this is the integrative function of the nervous system. Conscious or subconscious decisions follow, leading to motor functions via ______effectors________. | The Central Nervous System is made up of the ____brain_________ and ______spinal cord______ ______________. | The Peripheral Nervous System is made up of the _____spinal_________ and ________cranial__________ nerves. | Neuroglial Cells fill spaces, support neurons, provide structural frameworks, produce myelin, and carry on phagocytosis. Four are found in the ________________ and the last in the __________________. _______________________ cells are small cells that phagocytize bacterial cells and cellular debris. ________________________form myelin in the brain and spinal cord. __________________ are near blood vessels and support structures, aid in metabolism, and respond to brain injury by filling in spaces. ________________cover the inside of ventricles and form choroid plexuses within the ventricles. ______________________ cells are the myelin-producing neuroglia of the peripheral nervous system. | Neurons: | Structure: A neuron has a ____________ ____________with...
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...Task 211.4.4-01-05, 07-09, 11 Nervous System Organization of Nerve Tissue Lab Exercise 1: The Multipolar Neuron A. What is the function of a neuron? Neurons carry and transmit electrical impulses generated by both internal and external stimuli. B. What is the difference between a neuron and a nerve? Neurons are the cells that exchange messages from the internal and external environments. Nerves consist of many neurons that transmit different signals to the brain. They form structural and functional units of the nervous system made up of neurons. C. What gives a multipolar neuron its name? It is named multipolar because of the multiple branches, processes, and extensions that stem off the cell bodies. D. What are the functions of the dendrites and axons? Dendrites receive incoming signals for the nerve cell. Axons carry outgoing signals of the cells to other cells in the body. Exercise 2: Structures of selected neurons A. Which slide contained bipolar neurons? The pyramidal cell slide. B. Which slide contained unipolar neurons? The dorsal root ganglion slide. C. What was unique about the dorsal root ganglion compared to the other two slides? The dorsal root ganglion was more round in shape compared to the perkinje and pyramidal cell slides. The nissle substance, nucleus, and satellite cells...
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...350- to 700-word response to the following: Explain the communication process of neurons in the brain. List some common neurotransmitters and describe their effect on behavior. The communication process of neurons in the brain A brain of an average human contains approximately 100 billion nerve cells or best known as neurons. Neurons perform as information transmitters and receivers to other neurons or to muscles in the body. Neurons have these tiny fibers that extend from the body of the cell and its main function is to receive incoming messages and transmit them to the main cell. Outgoing messages to other neurons and muscles or glands are carried out by a single long fiber called the axon. Axons are covered with a white fatty tissue called myelin sheath. The myelin sheath provides insulation to avoid signals from other neurons to interfere with each other and it also increases speed when signals are been transmitted. Motor neurons carry messages from the spinal cord or the brain to the muscles and glands. Al l neurons in the nervous system only speak one language ON or OFF electrochemical impulses. The communication process of neurons in the work by impulses or what it’s also called firing. When a neuron receives a message from other neurons it automatically excites the neuron or tells the neuron to fire. This term is also known as electrochemical impulse or discharge. After the neuron has fired, it returns to a resting state and remains ready to fire again. During...
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...NEUROSCIENCE & BEHAVIOR 1. Neurons and Neural communication a. Neurons/neural impulses b. Neural communication c. Neurotransmitters 2. Nervous system a. Structure and function b. Reflexes vs. Neural networks 3. The Brain a. Studying the brain b. Brain regions/function c. Plasticity d. Hemispheric differences • Gazzaniga article/video NEURONS: STRUCTURE • Dendrite - the ‘in-box’ • Cell body - basic cell functions • Axon - the ‘out-box’ (axon-away); Myelin Sheath • Terminal Vesicles • Synapse • Receptor Sites NEURONS: COMMUNICATION How do neurons communicate? 1. How does information travel within a neuron? 2. How is information passed from one neuron to the next? NEURONS: communication - WITHIN ACTION POTENTIAL 1) All neurons have a resting state 2) Dendrite is stimulated ▪ Positive ions flow into the cell until… 3) Threshold is reached ▪ Action potential is triggered (all-or-nothing) 4) Wave moves down the axon 5) Wave reaches the terminal vesicles NEURONS: communication - BETWEEN 5) Wave reaches the terminal vesicles 6) neurotransmitters are released into the synapse 7) NTs bind with receptors on dendrite of next neuron 8) Process starts in the next cell NTs can: * Excite the next neuron * Inhibit the next neuron Refractory period - ...
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...from the brain to control the body. These cells are called neurons. A neuron consists of three main parts, the cell body or soma, dendrites, and axon. The soma is the main body structure of the cell, and it contains the nucleus which is the home of the cells genetic makeup. The nucleus is also the center of the cells growth and core functions. Dendrites are branches off the outer edges of the soma. Their role is to receive messages or neurotransmitters from other neurons. The axon is a wire that extends from the soma; it sends outgoing messages to the terminal buttons (small knot like structures at the ends of the axon). Terminal buttons store...
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...Chapter 2: Neuroscience & Behavior * Neurons * Nervous system cells * Highly specialized cell that communicates information in electrical and chemical form * Types: * Motor- signals muscles to relax and contract * Sensory- conveys information to the brain * Interneurons- communicates information from one neuron to the next * Parts of Neurons * Dendrite- receives information from other cells * Soma (Cell Body)- contains the nucleus * Axon: carries information * Glial Cells * Another cells in the nervous system * Outnumber Neurons * Provide Nutrition * Structural Support * Aid in Neural Transmission * Remove Waste * Produce Myelin Sheath * Myelin Sheath * A white fatty covering wrapped around axons of some neurons that increases their communication speed * Damage to the Myelin related to Multiple Sclerosis * Node of Ranvier * The “naked” portion of the axon between myelin sheaths * Communication within Neurons * Action Potential- a brief electrical impulse transmitting information along the axon of a neuron * Action potential travels along axon of presynaptic neuron; triggers release of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles * Axon membrane is semi-permeable * The axon membrane opens and closes ion channels that allow ions to flow into and out of the axon * Ions- electrically...
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...explain how the structure of the sutures between the cranial bones is related to the overall function of the cranium. 2. 1. A. Why are synarthroses an important component of fibrous joints? 2. Cartilaginous joints exhibit amphiarthroses. Why is this important? 3. 1. A. Structurally, how are cartilaginous joints similar? 2. 1. A. Which type of synovial joint has the least amount of movement? 2. 1. A. Why are diarthroses important for synovial joints? 2. A. Which synovial joint is most movable? 3. 1. A. What are the four structural characteristics that all synovial joints share? 2. 1. A. Which of the body movements was the most difficult to perform? Why? 2. Hinge joints like the knee’s or elbow have limited movement. Why are these types of joints more prone to injury? 3. 1. A. When performing flexion on the arm, the biceps muscle (on the anterior part of the arm) contracts. What happens to the triceps muscle (on the posterior part of the arm) as this action is performed? 2. 4. ALT1 Labs Part 2 5. 6. Organization of Nerve Tissue Lab The Multipolar Neuron 1. A. What is the function of a neuron? What is the difference between a neuron and a nerve? 2. A. What gives a multipolar neuron its name? 3. B. What are the functions of the dendrites and axons? Exercise 2: Structures of selected neurons 4. A. Which slide contained bipolar neurons? 5. B. 6. C. Which slide contained unipolar neurons? 7. D. 8...
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...(PNS) & Reflex Activity Objectives 1. Define peripheral nervous system and list its components. 2. Define sensation and perception 3. Classify general sensory receptors by structure, stimulus detected, and body location. 4. Distinguish between receptor and generator potentials and sensory adaptation. 5. Compare and contrast the three main levels of neural integration. 6. Describe the four properties of a stimulus. 7. Distinguish between tonic and phasic receptors and the idea of adaptation. 8. Discuss pain (types, neurotransmitters, fast vs. slow pain, phantom & referred pain). 9. Define ganglion and indicate the general body location of ganglia. 10. Describe the general structure of a nerve. 11. Name the 12 pairs of cranial nerves; indicate the body region and structures innervated by each. 12. Describe the formation of a spinal nerve and the general distribution of its rami. 13. Define plexus. Name the major plexuses and describe the distribution and function of the peripheral nerves arising from each plexus. 14. Outline the three levels of the motor hierarchy. 16. Name the components of a reflex arc and distinguish between visceral and somatic reflexes. Chapter 12 (CNS) 19. Describe the gross and microscopic structure of the spinal cord. 20. List the major spinal cord tracts, and classify each as a motor or sensory tract. I Overview (Fig. 13.1) A. General properties of sensory systems ...
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