...The research falls under the Theory of Planned behavior or (TPB). This theory started as the Theory of Reasoned Action in 1980 to predict an individual's intention to engage in a behavior at a specific time and place. The theory was intended to explain all behaviors over which people have the ability to exert self-control. The key component to this model is behavioral intent; behavioral intentions are influenced by the attitude about the likelihood that the behavior will have the expected outcome and the subjective evaluation of the risks and benefits of that outcome. (Boston University School of Public Health Module) Meaning to say, that whatever behavior an individual is performing during a specified time and place, it is always based on...
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...Attitude Theories Your attitude is your positive or negative evaluation about an object. There is more than one theory about how a person’s attitude is formed through cognitive, behavioral, and affective processes. This paper will outline two theories of how a person’s attitude is formed. Self Perception Theory Fazio stated that self perception theory argued that attitudes stem from the observation of one’s behavior. (Fazio, 1987, p. 129) A person’s attitude toward something is formed after that person observes their behavior toward an object. An example is you listen to rock music, therefore you must like it, and you would form a positive attitude towards rock music based on your behavior of listening to it. An individual decides their attitude, and emotional feeling toward an object based on the observation of their own behavior and the circumstances that caused the behavior. Self-perception theory also suggests that when the internal cues are weak or uninterpretable, the individual is in the same position as the outside observer who must rely on external cues to infer the individual’s inner state. (Bem, 1972) What I believe to be a negative aspect of this attitude theory is I don’t believe an attitude toward an object is based solely on one’s behavior. An example would be as a child my mother told me to eat spinach and even though I ate the spinach, didn’t mean I liked it because I ate it. I ate it so I wouldn’t get in trouble but my attitude towards spinach was that I...
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...study and theory of the psychological forces that underline human behavior, emphasizing the interplay between unconscious and conscious motivation.[1] The original concept of "psychodynamics" was developed by Sigmund Freud.[2] Freud suggested that psychological processes are flows of psychological energy in a complex brain, establishing "psychodynamics" on the basis of psychological energy, which he referred to as libido. The psychodynamic psychotherapy is a less intensive form compared to classical psychoanalysis practiced by strict Freudians, demanding sessions only once weekly instead of 3-5 times weekly which was typical for traditional psychoanalysts. Psychodynamic therapies depend on a theory of inner conflicts which surface in behaviour or emotions. Generally, one conflict is subconscious. ------------------------------------------------- Overview In general, psychodynamics, also known as dynamic psychology, is the study of the interrelationship of various parts of the mind, personality, or psyche as they relate to mental, emotional, or motivational forces especially at the unconscious level.[4][5][6] The mental forces involved in psychodynamics are often divided into two parts:[7] (a) interaction of emotional forces: the interaction of the emotional and motivational forces that affect behavior and mental states, especially on a subconscious level; (b) inner forces affecting behavior: the study of the emotional and motivational forces that affect behavior and states...
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...predictive ability of the theory of planned behavior, issues and anomalies of the theory, and the applicability of the theory in the different field of studies. TPB covers the non-volitional behavior of individuals which cannot be explained by the previous theory of reasoned action. Several studies were conducted to prove the predictive capacity of TPB, particularly in health-related behaviors. TBP has also been applied to the study related to leisure choice, psychology, sociology, business, and information technology. This review would look at the gap in the literature that needs to be focused which will be important part in the proposed framework....
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...INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCHOLARLY ACADEMIC INTELLECTUAL DIVERSITY VOLUME 8 NUMBER 1 2004-2005 Comparison of Change Theories Alicia Kritsonis MBA Graduate Student California State University, Dominquez Hills ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is to summarize several change theories and assumptions about the nature of change. The author shows how successful change can be encouraged and facilitated for long-term success. The article compares the characteristics of Lewin’s Three-Step Change Theory, Lippitt’s Phases of Change Theory, Prochaska and DiClemente’s Change Theory, Social Cognitive Theory, and the Theory of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior to one another. Leading industry experts will need to continually review and provide new information relative to the change process and to our evolving society and culture. T here are many change theories and some of the most widely recognized are briefly summarized in this article. The theories serve as a testimony to the fact that change is a real phenomenon. It can be observed and analyzed through various steps or phases. The theories have been conceptualized to answer the question, “How does successful change happen?” Lewin’s Three-Step Change Theory Kurt Lewin (1951) introduced the three-step change model. This social scientist views behavior as a dynamic balance of forces working in opposing directions. Driving forces facilitate change because they push employees in the desired direction. ...
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...a leader (Jones, 2004). In 1947, K Lewin indicated that group life is never without change, which means that change has been a necessary process during the organizational development which is mentioned as a planned change process, managed from the top, taking into account both the technical and the human sides of the organization by Schien(1992). The ex-British Prime Minister named Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881) (B. Senior and S. Swailes, 2010) explained that ‘change is inevitable in a progressive country’, he also considers that ‘only change is constant’. Being proved by Collins (1998), Huff and Huff (2000), Organization change is one of perennial issues in organization and management theory. However, the type of organizational change is not unique, Strebel (1996) illustrates that change may be a constant but it is not always the same, in addition, Grundy (1993) indicates that there are three varieties of change including Discontinuous, ‘smooth’ incremental and ‘bumpy’ incremental change which are separated by the rate of change (Figure 1). Some authors believe that organizational change can be managed and planned. Lewin is the father of planned change approach which is described as an “ethical and humanist approach to change” (Hughes, 2010). Also, by using Lewin’s planned approach to change model (1951), Lunenburg C F...
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...Cognition, and University Students’ Examination Performance The empirical article that has been reviewed was that of the study that explored the relationship between personality traits, type or motivation, and goal specific cognitions as antecedents of degree performance amongst undergraduate students. The studies used several methods in order to produce the results that were discovered. In the area of personality traits the five factor model was utilized. In the breakdown of types of motivation the researchers determined their findings by using the self-determination theory. Lastly when it came to goal specific cognitions the results were formulated by that of the theory of planned behavior, also referred to as the TBS. Throughout the article that was presented there seemed to pose more then just one hypothesis. Phillips, Abraham, and Bond first hypothesized that the theory of planned behavior measures would predict final degree results. The next thing that Phillips, Abraham, and Bond hypothesized was that intention would be the most important predictor of final marks. The three gentlemen also expected that perceived behavioral control, attitude, and subjective norm would be strong correlates of intention to get a good degree. The last but certainly not least thoughts they hypothesized was that good-student identity and anticipated regret would explain further variance in intention. In order to perform this study Phillips, Abraham, and Bond originally had...
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...Final Paper PY 570 Sevena McClain University of West Alabama March 6, 2015 Abstract Behavior problems within our youth have become a major problem in today’s society. In one (1) out of every three (3) families there is at least one (1) family that suffers more than others with this problem. There is a demand for help at making a difference in our at-risk adolescents and individuals who are willing to provide services for those that are suffering with behavior problems. The goal is to modify a model that can assist them in what society needs to help prevent at-risk adolescents from making repeated mistakes through a therapeutic process. There are many homes and schools that are in an uproar, because nothing is being done to help families that cannot afford the proper therapy they need to help them. The detention centers are over crowed as well as the prisons. With this being said, this paper will provide the information needed to assist with at-risk adolescents behavior problems that are causing them to be labeled at such an early age. The Behavior Approach with at-risk teens Upon graduation from the University of West Alabama, The author plan to continue her education and obtain her doctorate degree in counseling. After she succeed in her educational endeavors and work in her field of studies to obtain skills and knowledge, she would like become an entrepreneur. She has always dreamed of being her own boss. She plans to open a group home for troubled female adolescents...
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...Theory of Reasoned Action/Planned Behavior The theory of reasoned action (TRA) was developed by Icek Ajzen and Martin Fishbein in 1975, to examine the relation between attitudes and behavior (Morisky, 2002). The intention to behave a certain way is determined by the persons attitude toward the behavior (Littlejohn, 2011). Later, behaviors appeared to not be completely voluntary and under control. This led to the addition of perceived behavioral control, and the theory got the name “the theory of planned behavior” (TPB). This theory predicts deliberate behavior. It states that only specific attitudes toward a behavior can be expected to predict the behavior. In addition to measuring attitudes toward a behavior, as the theory of reasoned actions...
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...Behavioural change theories From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Behavioural change theories are attempts to explain why behaviours change. These theories cite environmental, personal, and behavioural characteristics as the major factors in behavioural determination. In recent years, there has been increased interest in the application of these theories in the areas of health, education, criminology, energy and international development with the hope that understanding behavioural change will improve the services offered in these areas. Contents • 1 General theories and models o 1.1 Self-efficacy o 1.2 Learning theories/behaviour analytic theories of change o 1.3 Social learning/social cognitive theory o 1.4 Theory of reasoned action o 1.5 Theory of planned behaviour o 1.6 Transtheoretical/stages of change model o 1.7 Health action process approach o 1.8 Education o 1.9 Criminology o 1.10 Energy • 2 Objections General theories and models Each behavioural change theory or model focuses on different factors in attempting to explain behavioural change. Of the many that exist, the most prevalent are the learning theories, Social Cognitive Theory, Theories of Reasoned Action and Planned Behaviour, Transtheoretical Model and the Health Action Process Approach. Research has also been conducted regarding specific elements of these theories, especially elements like self-efficacy that are common to several of the theories. Self-efficacy Self-efficacy is an individual's...
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...Modified Theory of Planned Behavior Shih-I Cheng Assistant Professor Department of Business Administration, Shu-Te University China E-mail: jane@stu.edu.tw Hwai-Hui Fu Associate Professor Department of Business Administration, Shu-Te University China Le Thi Cam Tu Graduate School of Business Administration China ABSTRACT Counterfeits consumption has recently attracted considerable attention. This study examines factors affecting consumer purchase intention for counterfeit products. Specially, this study takes Vietnam, a developing country where consumer behavior is being affected by rising living standard, as a research object. Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior of Ajzen with the additional factor of perceived financial control, it is hoped that an improved framework can be obtained for predicting customer intention to purchase counterfeits. The hypotheses were tested via Structural Equation Modeling technique. The results indicated that subjective norms exert the greatest impact on customer intention to purchase counterfeits, while additional factor of perceived financial control negatively affects intentions. This investigation can help marketers and policy makers understand the key influences on consumer behavior towards counterfeits and thus to create effective marketing campaigns and anti-piracy strategies. KEYWORDS: Consumer behavioral intention, Counterfeit products, Perceived financial control, Structural Equation Modeling, Theory of Planned Behavior Introduction ...
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... *Tanushree Shrivastava Research Scholar(IIPS, DAVV, Indore) Mobile 9926248388 moonskiess@yahoo.com **Dr. Preeti Singh Reader, IIPS, DAVV, Indore Mobile 9425349044 purnima4@rediffmail.com Abstract The Theory of Planned Behavior, based on the value – attitude – behavior hierarchy, has been proven as a reliable instrument for measuring green purchasing behavior. This study examines the application of a sub-section of Theory of Planned Behavior, namely the measurement of Attitudes towards Green Purchases of management students in Jabalpur City. Ecological affect has a greater impact on their attitude formation than does Ecological Knowledge. To check if this is also true for these consumers, management students (n=41) were surveyed to measure their ecological affect, ecological knowledge and attitudes towards green purchases. Students with high ecological affect showed a statistically significant difference on their attitudes towards green purchases score than the students with low ecological affect. Ecological knowledge level did not show a significant difference in attitudes towards green purchases. Differences between ecological knowledge and ecological affect and suggestions for future research are discussed. Keywords: Planned Behaviour, Green Awareness, Green Purchase, Ecological Knowledge, Purchase Attitude. Consumer Attitude towards ‘Green’ Purchases Introduction Sustainable energy, organic food, green...
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...Jeff Bray Consumer Behaviour Theory: Approaches and Models Consumer Behaviour Theory: Approaches and Models...............................................2 1.1 Consumer behaviour & consumer decision making ............................................2 1.2 Theoretical approaches to the study of consumer behaviour..............................3 1.3 Economic Man .....................................................................................................4 1.4 Psychodynamic Approach ...................................................................................4 1.5 Behaviourist Approach ........................................................................................5 1.6 Cognitive Approach .............................................................................................6 1.6.1 Cognitive Models of Consumer Behaviour ..................................................9 1.6.1.1 Analytic Cognitive Models ..................................................................10 1.6.1.2. Prescriptive Cognitive Models............................................................20 1.7 Humanistic Approach ........................................................................................25 1.7.1 Humanistic Models of Consumer Behaviour..............................................25 1.9 Summary ............................................................................................................28 References.................
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...which model best applies | Kurt Lewin’s Change Theory and Force Field Analysis | Kurt Lewin’s theory model has three stages of change including: freezing, change or moving, and refreezing. The first stage of freezing involves finding methods to help people relinquish learned habits that were inefficient. Recognizing the need for change occurs in this stage. According to Schein (2002), the moving stage “allows members of the group to change from one set of behavior to another, such as new job responsibilities, new roles, and new job skills” (p. 37). The third stage of refreezing makes the change the standard operating procedure, the change becomes permanent. Without this last stage, individuals can revert back to the pre-change policies and procedures. Lewin’s theory believes that behavior is “a dynamic balance of forces working in opposing directions” (Lewin, 1951). He acknowledged that there are driving forces that cause change to occur, pushing individuals in the desired direction. Restraining forces counter driving forces, pushing an individual in the opposite direction. Examples of restraining forces include personal defense mechanisms or group “norms.” The goal within a force field of driving and restraining forces is to move to gain equilibrium. Equilibrium is a state of being where driving and restraining forces are equal. In this state no change is occurring. | “This theory is a time-tested, easily applied field theory that is often considered the epitome of change models...
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...Jeff Bray Consumer Behaviour Theory: Approaches and Models Consumer Behaviour Theory: Approaches and Models...............................................2 1.1 Consumer behaviour & consumer decision making ............................................2 1.2 Theoretical approaches to the study of consumer behaviour..............................3 1.3 Economic Man .....................................................................................................4 1.4 Psychodynamic Approach ...................................................................................4 1.5 Behaviourist Approach ........................................................................................5 1.6 Cognitive Approach .............................................................................................6 1.6.1 Cognitive Models of Consumer Behaviour ..................................................9 1.6.1.1 Analytic Cognitive Models ..................................................................10 1.6.1.2. Prescriptive Cognitive Models............................................................20 1.7 Humanistic Approach ........................................................................................25 1.7.1 Humanistic Models of Consumer Behaviour..............................................25 1.9 Summary ............................................................................................................28 References..................................
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