...gutters in the spring and fall. Fix leaky outdoor faucets and sprinklers. T ether we c a n fig ht og the b ite! Don? Give Mosquitoes t a Home Empty anything that holds standing water? old tires, buckets, plastic covers, flowerpots, and toys Empty anything that holds standing water? old tires, buckets, plastic covers, flowerpots, and toys Group 4 Ca nla p a n, Ka trina Sa ng a la ng , Nika ela Ma na lo, Ha rriet Da niel, Jethro T ng la o, Va nesha a Ad ria no, Pa tric k All rights reserved. 2016 W EST NILE VI RUS Do you know wha t 's bi t i ng you? WHAT IS WEST NILE VIRUS? SYMPT OMS TREATMENT West Nile virus is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) most commonly spread by infected mosquitoes. West Nile virus can cause febrile illness, encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) or meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord). Most people who are infected with West Nile virus will not get sick. About 1 in 5 people infected will have mild...
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...The West Nile is a virus that is often spread to people through the bite of a mosquito. The virus causes illness that ranges from mild to severe flu-like illness. The West Nile virus occur throughout the summer and fall seasons in North America. There have been reports of the virus in all states in the United States and there are no vaccines or medications available to treat the virus. Though The primary hosts of West Nile Virus are birds, so that the virus remains within a "bird-mosquito-bird" transmission cycle, it is primarily transmitted by mosquitoes mostly species of the genus Culex. Humans are infected with the West Nile Virus when bitten by an infected mosquito. According to the CDC, 47 states have reported the West Nile Virus as...
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...transmission often occurs from birds (which are the reservoir hosts of the virus), to humans via Aedes, Culex or Anopheles mosquitos (the vector), primarily in early autumn (2011, para. 7). The pathophysiology of West Nile Virus (WNV) begins with peripheral inoculation (via a mosquito bite), and thus the initial replication of the virus occurs in the skin and mucosa itself, specifically in the Langerhans dendritic cells (Samuel & Diamond, 2006, para. 6). The cells then migrate to the draining lymph nodes, and therefore cause a primary viremia and resultant infection in the peripheral tissues, such as the spleen and kidneys (Samuel & Diamond, 2006, para....
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...The West Nile Virus affects humans, along with other animals with a vertebrate, by transmitting a disease that enters the brain. This serious virus is mainly transmitted by mosquito bites. However, there has been cases where the virus was passed on through blood transfusions, organ transplantations, and intrauterine transmissions. This disease mainly affects those who are ages 50+ or those with a weak immune system. In 1937, the first person that caught West Nile Virus lived in Uganda. Although, even many years later, there is still no known treatment to cure this awful virus. Studies, not yet proven, state that the virus enters body cells by endocytosis (cells absorb molecules by engulfing them) and fusion with the beginning endosome. Once the mosquito bites and passes the virus through the skin, the virus will replicate within the epidermal keratinocytes and langerhans cells. The moving Langerhans dendrite cells enter the inward conducting lymphatics, to travel to the lymph nodes that are draining. If the virus enters the outward conducting lymphatics, it then enters the...
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...Proposal for: Consumer Sleeve Length Preference In Relation to the West Nile Virus Threat(s) Relational (Explanatory) Hypothesis The hypothesis for our management dilemma is based on the implication that there is a shift in consumer sleeve length preferences based on the on-going West Nile Virus threat. News of an on-going and/or fresh West Nile Virus outbreak may continue and intensify consumer preferences during the next summer season. Variables Based on the relational or explanatory hypothesis that news of an on-going and/or fresh West Nile Virus outbreak may continue and intensify consumer preferences during the next summer season reveals that the variables in this study are identified as follows: * Independent variable is the on-going and/or fresh West Nile Virus threat * Dependent variable is the shift in consumer preferences Research Design Experimental research design is appropriate when one wishes to discover whether certain variables produce effects on other variables. Experimentation provides the most powerful support possible for a hypothesis of causation. With an ex post facto design, the investigators have no control over the variables in the sense of being able to manipulate them. It can only be reported of what has happened or what is happening. Researchers are limited by holding factors constant with judicious selection of subjects with strict sampling procedures and by statistical manipulation of findings. In an experiment, the...
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...news press article regarding the West Nile Virus the press release was on July 27, 2012 from the Department Of Health informing the public that the West Nile Virus has become a health problem in Columbus, Oh, once again. The news press advised people of Columbus in many ways how to prevent the bites of mosquitoes, how to stop the breeding of the mosquitoes, how to prevent breeding, who to contact once bitten or contract the virus. The press release is informative the press release gives notice of the situation regarding the mosquito problem. The press release identifies the main points and key points of the virus and whom it will affect. This also informs the public of the pros and cons of public relations. The information was widely spread throughout Columbus quickly by the use of each news station, the Internet, and by newspaper. The key interest groups were the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Columbus Health Department, and the public. The center for disease control is one of the interest groups because reporting the infectious disease spreading throughout society is their responsibility. Center for disease control organization is for saving, protecting lives, and to prevent the spread of the West Nile Virus. The public is the other interest groups regarding the West Nile Virus also the Health Department is an interest group determine to find where the source of the virus have begun and how to stop the spread of the virus. Society needs prevention from...
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...Published: September 20th, 2017 The article “Record Number of West Nile Cases Reported, says Ottawa Public Health”, by Joanne Laucius, discusses the increased number of West Nile cases in Ottawa since it the first case was discovered in 2001, in Canada (Laucius 2017). Due to the high temperatures the past couple weeks, public health is stating that there is still a risk from mosquitos carrying West Nile Virus (Laucius, 2017). The focus of the article is to educate the public on how to prevent the transmission of West Nile from mosquitoes. Public Health is trying to achieve this by educating the public on how to prevent mosquito bites. The article discusses how West Nile virus relates to epidemiology as it discusses the importance of primary...
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...Culture and Disease – West Nile Virus Julia Williams HCS/245 October 7, 2013 Wendy Smith Culture and Disease – West Nile Virus West Nile virus is a mosquito borne virus that was considered a minor risk to humans until the early 1990’s and according to Wikipedia (2013), by 2012 was considered an endemic pathogen in Africa, Asia, Australia, the Middle East, Europe, and the United States, which has experiences one of its worst epidemics with West Nile virus. West Nile virus has an incubation period of 2 to 15 days and symptoms may include fever, headache, fatigue, muscle pain, nausea, and vomiting. West Nile virus can cause West Nile encephalitis and West Nile meningitis in the elderly population. Ages 50 and over are more susceptible to the neurological disorders associated with West Nile virus. Even though anyone can be affected by West Nile virus, the elderly have a higher rate of contracting the virus because they tend to have more pre-existing health concerns and tend to take less precautionary steps to protect themselves against the virus. There is no vaccination available for West Nile virus and the best methods of prevention are insect repellant and eliminating possible mosquito breeding grounds around the home and community. Environmental Factors and Transmission Methods Environmental factors play a large role in the spread of West Nile virus. Areas specifically that experience mild winters and hot summers are perfect breeding grounds...
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...Infectious Disease/Viruses As of September 7, 2012 there has been a total of 95 cases of West Nile and 5 deaths in the state of Michigan alone. Out of the 44 states that were involved in a breakdown of statewide reported infections, there were a total of 1,992 cases and 87 deaths reported. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) stated that there is a fatality rate that ranges from 3 to 15% and the first case reported of human infection was in 1999. The topics will discuss history, transmission, treatment, and prevention of the virus. West Nile Virus (WNV) is a virus that is normally seen in the Middle East, Africa, and West Asia through a patient located in Uganda (Henley, 2003). WNV can infect dogs, birds, horses, squirrels, mosquitos, humans, and other mammals. It was thought to have evolved from Israel, and has spread swiftly throughout the United States. The numbers of cases reported were from 20 to 60 per year, until in 2002 when the number rose to above 4,000 (Henley, 2003). The virus exhibits in various ways such as asymptomatic, mild, and severe infections that demonstrate specific outcomes. When the individual is asymptomatic there are no signs or symptoms of the virus. Mild infection or West Nile Fever carries symptoms of nausea and emesis, rash, muscle pain, enlarged lymph nodes, headaches, anorexia, and discomfort (Google, 2012). According to the Journal of Family Practice approximately 20% of individuals that are infected show these symptoms...
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...help to control the West Nile Virus and the further spread of the virus. This is a risk assessment on the use of a spray called Malathion in the city of Genericville. There are several steps that are involved in this first is hazard identification and that is the effects that it will have on the health of the humans who are going to be exposed to the spraying of the Malathion. The second is what is called dose response; this is the amount on spray that would be needed to cause any health effects. The third deals with the exposure to all the humans and also based on the total amount of spray that was used and also how long the exposure to the insecticide will last. The final step is what I would call risk characterization which would be used to help determine that if any or certain humans that live in the city would be prone to any health risks that would associated with the use of Malathion. The result of this assessment is that the city of Genericville should really use the insecticide spray called Malathion to help in reducing the spread of the West Nile Virus. There are many sides to this and they include the social, economic, and the political sides of any arguments that have to be considered with the use of the insecticide spray. The West Nile Virus is a very huge concern in the area and that is all because of all the wet lands that are located in the area. One can say they there can easily be up to 50 projected cases of the West Nile Virus alone this year if nothing...
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...Disease in the News West Nile Virus Disease in the News – West Nile Virus The West Nile virus made its deadly debut in New York City September 27, 1999. The virus had never been seen in the Western Hemisphere of the United States. It is said to be usually found in Africa and Europe. When it made its debut, it was first believed to have been the St. Louis encephalitis. Experts at the Federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have confirmed the virus to be West Nile. Nearly twice as many people in the New York region have been stricken by the mosquito borne illness as earlier recognized (Fish, 1999). The outbreak of the West Nile had New Yorkers shocked that a mosquito bite could be so deadly. During the time of the outbreak, there were 37 confirmed cases of the West Nile virus in New Yorkers. Twenty-five of these New Yorkers were from New York City, eight from Westchester County, and four from Nassau County. Although there are confirmed cases, 162 cases were still under investigation and eight deaths had doctors still studying the tissue and blood of the victims (Albany Times Union, 1999). There are 70 types of mosquitoes living in New York, but only 30 of them carry the virus. The West Nile virus outbreak stemmed from prolonged drought, which produced a large supply of the northern house mosquito, Culex pipiens. The Culex pipiens lives near people but generally feeds on birds. This particular mosquito is efficient at transmitting certain viruses...
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...West Nile Presentation Comm110 9/27/2012 West Nile Presentation As of Wednesday September 12th 2012 the CDC reported the worst outbreak of West Nile virus ever to hit the United States. The current total of 2,636 cases is still growing. Of those reported cases there have been 118 deaths. These are the highest totals since it was first detected in the United States in 1999. It was first identified in Uganda in eastern Africa in 1937. Nearly all fifty states have reported cases, but the majority (2/3) was reported in Louisiana, Texas, Mississippi, South Dakota, Michigan, and Oklahoma. Texas has by far been the hardest hit, accounting for 40% of the total. As of September 09,2012 in Texas there were 1219 reported cases, and 57 deaths. Vermont, Alaska, and Hawaii are the only states with no reported cases. These numbers are expected to grow until sometime in October. Past records show that late august is usually the peak for the season. So at this time the worst is behind us. Those most at risk to developing a severe form of the virus are: • Those with weakened immune systems (transplant or chemo patients, people with HIV) • Pregnant women • If over 50 years of age, you are in a higher risk group. • Adults with health issues such as cancer, diabetes, high blood pressure, or kidney disease • Very young children Of the people infected, about 80% show few or no symptoms. Some 20% develop minor symptoms like: • headaches • abdominal pain • sore...
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...local health department, or a mandatory food safety training requirement for all restaurant employees. b. Describe worker behaviors that may promote or compromise food safety. Please provide, at least, two examples. Question 2: Recently there have been numerous reports on increased mosquito bites in several neighborhoods in your community. Your staff has investigated these reports and has found them to be justified. As a matter of fact, there have been an increasing number of complaints that mosquitoes are preventing people from staying out in the early mornings and evenings. Additionally, the local health department has informed you that there has been an increase in reported cases of encephalitis and a few deaths related to West Nile Virus. Unfortunately, your health department is very limited in its personnel and its financial resources and so therefore, you have to choose the most efficient methods to control this problem. Based on the information concerning mosquitoes in this scenario, respond to the following: a. Describe the top one recommendation you would give...
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... Investigation A health department investigation has been initiated to discover why students have been missing school. In my research I have found both Truman and Jackson Middle Schools to have above average absentee records for the month of May. I was able to review school event calendars, interviews with students’ parents, attendance records, school announcements and messages. These items for review are what I used to be able to present my evidence and form my two hypotheses. Hypothesis number one is, “Could exposure to the West Nile virus be causing the children's symptoms?” Hypothesis number two is, “Could unsanitary food conditions in the area be making the children sick?” I was able to dismiss further questions whether the West Nile Virus could be the culprit, as there was only one school announcement mentioning it, and there was no other evidence to support the spread of the West Nile Virus. However, upon a thorough investigation of my second hypothesis, concerning unsanitary food conditions, I found two restaurants that had been cited for poor sanitary food practices. And, after the examination of the schools’ event calendars and attendance records, I was able to deduce that band students at both schools had very similar symptoms of sickness, which where: stomach ache, diarrhea, fever, and some vomiting. There were spikes in band student absences twice; each time was after a school event in which they had contact with each other. My...
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...Risk Assessment The city council of Genericville faces a challenging decision that could impact the city both economically and environmentally for years to come. Genericville’s main source of income is from tourism, which is being threatened by the increasing mosquito population and the West Nile Virus. The councilors have been asked to vote on a proposed plan to deal with this increasing threat. On one hand, the decision can be made to spray a potentially harmful chemical on the neighboring wetlands to reduce the threat of the spread of the West Nile Virus; on the other hand, a plan can be enacted that calls for a thorough educating of the Genericville population on how to avoid contact with mosquitoes and reducing their breeding grounds. After performing a risk assessment for human exposure to malathion, the proposed chemical, the risk of not taking action against the mosquito population was much higher than the risk associated with spraying malathion. Based on the information presented by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, malathion has no direct links to be a carcinogen. Malathion is not known to cause birth defects in humans under common use (Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry, 2005). In laboratory tests, the chemical has been proven to cause some minor irritations of the eyes and skin as well as complications with respiratory and gastrointestinal systems. These effects are a result of contact with airborne vapors, direct...
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