...Cat eye syndrome is a genetic condition , a way to describe it is to say that it is an abnormality in chromosome 22. It can lead to a coloboma of the iris witch is how it got its name . The eyes look cat-like but work the same as a normal human . Cat eye syndrome or “Schmid Fraccaro syndrome” is a rare condition caused by the short arm and a small section of the long arm of human chromosome 22 being present three (trisomic) or four times (tetrasomic) instead of the usual two times. The name “cat eye syndrome” is derived from a distinctive eye (ocular) abnormality that is present in a little over half affected individuals. Most cases of eye cat syndrome are not hereditary , the condition generally occurs even during the formation of...
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...Do you know how tigers are like sergeants in the army? It is simple they both wear stripes, or do they. Tigers can have a mutation that causes albinism, and the stripes stay the same black shade or almost all the stripes disappear. This happens when two Bengal tigers who mate, both have a recessive gene that controls the color of their coat. I find it fascinating, how they look, the genetics that cause it, and some of the genetic defects that occur while inbreeding. White tigers have snow white fur or a very pale tan that almost looks white, with the usual black, are rare. Their fur allows them to hide in snow, or light tan, or hide in tall grass and be harder to spot by their prey. The most common eye color for these tigers are varying shades...
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...Leishay Julian Write-up for Eyes Date: 2/21/2014 Time: 1200 Biographical: D.T, 42, Female, African American, D.O.B 12-4-1971, Student, referred by Dr. Thompson, Oriented to person, time, place, reliable source of information History of Present Illness - Chief Complaint: Difficulty with vision bilaterally Symptom Analysis: Difficultly with vision bilaterally 1. Where: States difficult vision in eyes bilaterally. Denies symptoms of increased pain patterns.. States symptoms first noted at school on 5/20//2002. 2. When: The symptoms occurred the afternoon of 5/20/2002. Symptoms developed gradually and have worsened since onset. States “my vision has remained poor, but stabilized since 2009.” Denies specific time or day of week correlated to symptoms. 3. What: Experiences blurry vision when viewing distant objects. Denies any specific event in relation to symptoms. States use of prescription lenses correct vision difficulty. Denies any aggravating factors. States symptoms as “an annoyance”. Denies any strenuous daily activities that contribute to blurry vision. 4. How: States “nearsightedness is likely due to genetics”. Denies any additional factors or stressors occurring at work, school, or home. States nearsightedness present in father and mother. Reports similar episodes occurred in the in the past. 5. Why: Suspects nearsightedness is likely due to genetics. Denies other symptoms occurring at same time. Denies any major changes...
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...Attempts at artificial vision began in the 18th century with the direct stimulation of blind eyes. In the 1920s, Otfrid Foerster developed this approach further by using electrodes to investigate direct electrical stimulation of the visual cortex. Several of his patients experienced limited subjective visual phenomena. In 1956, the first known proposal for a retinal prosthesis was outlined by Tassicker in Melbourne, Australia. However, research and design of it did not start until the late 1980s. In 2002, the first retinal prostheses began with clinical trials for the Argus Ⅰ. Nine years later, the next generation Argus Ⅱ was approved for marketing in Europe after successful implantation in 30 patients. Eventually in 2013, the Argus Ⅱ became...
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...Dylan Spille March 2, 2013 6th hour Pre-AP Biology “Retinoblastoma Research Paper” “Retinoblastoma” Retinoblastoma is a cancer that develops in the retina, but can be cured with the right information and technology to help. Retinoblastoma is a childhood cancer that forms in the retina. It is a progressive genetic disorder. The retina is the light sensitive part of the eye. The retina covers approximately 65% of the interior of the eye. In immature retinal cells, the cancer will develop in children from the time the eyes develop in the womb to 5 years of age. The tumor starts in the retina, the light sensitive layer of the eye, which allows the eye to actually see. “ It can occur in either one eye (unilateral) or two eyes (bilateral)”(Hulett, WashBurn, and Orenic). If the cancer is caught early, it is curable, but if caught late, it is deadly. That is why in developing countries, 87% of children worldwide with this genetic disorder will die. For developed countries, 97 % survive but will have moderate to severe visual impairment. Before enucleation was known to help retinoblastoma, it was incurable. It was considered incurable and death always occurred because inheritance patterns had not been established, leading back to more deaths. But in all actuality, the survival rate will drop with every decade of life when the patients have the genomic mutation. The genomic mutation is a gene mutation within every cell of the individual’s body. Those patients...
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...The human body can encounter several diseases throughout life whether they are genetic or acquired. Many times diseases are age related and others are genetic that someone is born with. Some diseases of the special senses are Age related macular disease, glaucoma, cataracts, detaches retina, deafness, Meniere’s disease, and Ataxia. Each caused from something different and each effecting everyday life of an individual. Age related Macular disease is also referred to as Macular degeneration. It is the leading cause of vision loss in people over 50. It is caused from damage done the macular which is the smallest part on the retina. Once damage is done to the macula, the individual’s eyesight may become dark, discolored, blurry, or distorted. This causes overall eyesight loss and damage to everyday eyesight. Glaucoma, is increased pressure inside the eyes. Intraocular pressure is the increased pressure overtime, the increased pressure causes damage to the optic nerve in which images are transmitting through the optic nerve to the brain. Damage from glaucoma causes blindness. This typically occurs in individuals over the age of 40 whose aqueous humor is not flowing properly. Cataracts is the clouding of the eye lenses typically causing blurred or discolored vision. Individuals who develop cataracts usually have one or more previous eyesight issues. Cataracts is treated with a surgery that removes the clouded lenses and replaces it with a clear one. Detached Retina, is when...
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...called α-crystallins in the lens of the eye are present to keep denatured crystallins from precipitating and forming cataracts. Over time, these α-crystallins are increasingly bound to denatured proteins and contribute to the conglomeration of other crystallins themselves. Since the eye does not replace these essential proteins, the incidence of cataract formation increases without α-crystallin binding. Biochemists at the University of California-Irvine have recently observed trends in αB-crystallins’ interaction with structural γS-crystallin variations, which established a connection between cataract formation and the absence of the αB-crystallin. Molecular discoveries regarding αB-crystallin and γS-crystallin structures have also introduced the possibility of developing protein-specific drugs and corrective treatment for cataracts, as well as providing more widely available options for lower-income global populations. Introduction Cataracts are becoming increasingly prevalent in the aging world population. A study published in 2010 by the World Health Organization quoted the occurrence of visual impairment worldwide at 285 million; of these, 33% of avoidable visual impairment cases and 51% of avoidable blindness cases are caused solely by cataracts (Visual Impairment and Blindness 2010, S.P. Mariotti et al.). As defined by the American Optometric Association, cataracts are “…a cloudy or opaque area in the normally clear lens of the eye” that can cause deteriorating eyesight...
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...aggressive approach can lead to irreversible, unnatural-looking changes that could severely affect the function of the patient's eye. What Can Cosmetic Eyelid Surgery Address?...
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...“Optics and the Eye”. 1. Distinguish between somatic and special senses. 2. Explain the importance of vision in our lives. 3. Explain the importance of smell and taste in our lives. 4. With the aid of a diagram, describe the olfactory receptor cells, an olfactory glomerulus, the olfactory pathway 5. List the regions of the brain that receive information on odors transmitted through this pathway. 6. Describe the physiology of olfaction. See notes, B. Physiology of Olfaction 7. Describe the anatomy of taste receptors and the taste pathway. 8. Describe the physiology of taste. 9. Describe what you know about the genetics of taste. 10. Explain the relationship between smell, taste and flavor. 11. Draw a diagram of a sagittal section of the eye, name the parts, and summarize the function of each part. 12. Describe the accessory structures associated with the eye (eyelids, extraocular muscles etc.). 13. Draw a simple outline diagram of the neural retina, showing the arrangement of the five neural cells found in it. What are their names? 14. To your diagram, add the cells of the non-neural retina. 15. Name the glial cell found in the retina. 16. Draw a rod and a cone, showing outer segment, inner segment, mitochondria, nucleus and synapse. 17. Explain how the cornea and lens function to focus an image of the external scene on the retina. 18. Explain why everything looks blurred if you open your eyes under water, and...
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...glaucoma was given by the French Dr Antoine-Pierre Demours in 1818. Dr G.J Guthrie later recognizes hardening of the eye as a common characteristic of the disease he named Glaucoma. Dr William McKenzie...
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...The eyes can be affected in several ways by diabetes mellitus. Diabetic retinopathy is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness in the United States. This retinopathy can occur with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus and the development depends on the duration of the disease. Most persons with type 1 diabetes and many of those with type-2 diabetes develop some background (non-proliferative) retinopathy. Proliferative retinopathy is more dangerous and is more likely to occur in poorly controlled diabetes. 3.3.1 Pathophysiology: The uptake of glucose by the synthesis of the body is mediated by the Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). An insentivity of glucose uptake receptors to insulin and absence of insulin result in increased...
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...Graves' Disease The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves' disease. This is an autoimmune disorder that attacks the thyroid gland and triggers the release of high levels of thyroid hormones. One of the hallmarks of Graves' disease is a visible and uncomfortable swelling behind the eyes. Graves' Disease Graves' disease, which is caused by a generalized overactivity of the thyroid gland, is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. In this condition, the thyroid gland usually is renegade, which means it has lost the ability to respond to the normal control by the pituitary gland via TSH. Graves' disease is hereditary and is up to five times more common among women than men. The triggers for Graves' disease include stress, smoking, radiation to the neck, medications, and infectious organisms such as viruses. Graves' disease can be diagnosed by a nuclear medicine thyroid scan and blood test. Graves' disease may be associated with eye disease (Graves' ophthalmopathy) and skin lesions (dermopathy). First described by Sir Robert Graves in the early 19th century, Graves' disease is one of the most common of all thyroid problems. It is also the leading cause of hyperthyroidism, a condition in which the thyroid gland produces excessive hormones. Understanding Graves' Disease Once the disorder has been correctly diagnosed, it is quite easy to treat. In some cases, Graves' disease goes into remission or disappears completely after several months or years. Left untreated,...
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...Light always travels in a straight line, and then it bounces off of objects and goes again in a staight line into our eyes through the pupil. The opening in your eye which enables light to reach in is called the pupil. The light will later hit your neural receptors which turns the stimuli into neural impulses which can be interpreted by your brain. The pupil allows light to hit the retina. Based on the amount of light that enters the iris, the iris changes the size of the pupil to let more or less light in to the eye. The iris changes the pupil size because when there is alot of sunlight or any sort of light, the size will increase to decrease the damage to the eye.. But when it is dark and it is hard to see, the iris will increase in size...
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...neural impulses, and then begins the process of translation and interpretation. It is a vital process that helps us rationalize or make sense of the information related to the physical stimulus. Perception occurs when the brain processes information to give meaning to it, by means of emotions, memories. Perception is the process in the brain that helps us to make sense of what we are touching or hearing or tasting or why it hurts. Sensation is the actual sense we get out of the information the brain is sending. While they work closely together they are two sperperate things. 2. Identify the biological factors that influence sensation and perception. Biological factors like physical, physiological, chemical, neurological, or genetics can effect sensation and perception. Kind of like depth perception and fear of heights or distance between objects. Sometimes being near or far sighted, or even color blind can effect how your senses work when seeing things. People who are deaf don’t have that sensation to hear and the blind can hear extremely well due to lack of sight in some cases. People who are sleep deprived seem to have issues with sensation and perception and figuring out what is real and what is not...
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...reading stones which were nothing more than simple magnifiers. English Franciscan Friar Roger Bacon discovered that letters could be seen better and larger when viewed through less than half a sphere of glass. Bacon's experiments confirmed the principle of the converging lens. Bacon recognized that this could assist weak eyes or the vision of aged persons. Early recorded evidence demonstrates that glasses first appeared in Pisa, Italy about the year 1286. Each crude lens or crystal was surrounded by a frame and given a handle. They were worn on the face like glasses you see today but held in front of the eyes while reading. Essentially someone took two existing mounted stones and connected them with a rivet. Benjamin Franklin in the 1780's developed the bifocal. Later he wrote, "I therefore had formerly two pairs of spectacles, which I shifted occasionally, as in traveling I sometimes read, and often wanted to regard the prospects. Finding this change troublesome, and not always sufficiently ready, I had the glasses cut and a half of each kind associated in the same circle. By this means, as I wear my own spectacles constantly, I have only to move my eyes up or down, as I want to see distinctly far or near, the proper glasses being always ready." Evidently the idea of bifocals had already been experimented with in London as early as 1760 though never used extensively....
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