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Gender Differences

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Submitted By katkatkatt
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Kønsforskelle
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Hvilepuls, peakflow, styrke og fedtprocent

Formål:
Formålet med denne rapport er at undersøge sammenhængen mellem køn. Vi lavede forskellige øvelser hvor vi målte vores puls, peakflow, fingerstyrke og fedtprocent.
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Materialer:
Under forsøgene brugte vi apparater til at måle de forskellige styrker og svagheder. vi undersøgte fysiologiske kønsforskelle, her brugte vi et hånddynamometer, en ”fedtprocentmåler”, en peakflowmåler og et stopur til brug ved pulsmålinger.
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Metode:
Ved forsøget om at finde ud af hvor vores fingerstyrke lå på, brugte vi en hånddynamometer hvor man skulle presse et slags håndtag så langt ned som man nu kan. Herefter kan man se hvor meget styrke i fingrene man har, fra 0-100.
Bagefter lavede vi et forsøg omkring vores lungekapacitet, her brugte vi en peakflowmåler. Det man gør, er at puste i et slags rør og så kan man se, med hvor meget kraft man kan puste.
Vi lavede også et forsøg hvor vi skulle måle vores fedtprocent, her brugte vi en ”fedtprocentmåler”. Man starter med at taste data om sig selv ind såsom; køn, alder, vægt og højde. Herefter holder man måleren ud i strakt arm, hvorefter den kan måle ens fedtprocent.
Til forsøget med hvilepulsen brugte vi et stopur. Vi satte uret på 10 min, hvor vi – i de 10 min, skulle slappe helt af. Efter de 10 min kunne vi så måle vores egen puls, ved at tælle hvor mange gange på et minut, pulsen går.
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Teori
Et kønskromosom er det kromosom, som bestemmer et individs køn. Kromosomerne for en kvinde betegnes med XX – og for en mand; XY. Hos en kvinde er kønskirtlen det man kalder ovariet, altså æggestokkene og hos mænd er dette testiklerne. I Kønskirtlerne produceres kønshormonerne østrogen og testosteron som hvor der – for kvinders vedkommende – produceres mest østrogen (hvilket især påvirker fedtvævet – produceres i foliklen) og kun lidt testosteron (dette påvirker især muskelvævet) – for mænds vedkommende, omvendt. Altså har begge køn, begge slags kønshormoner, det ene dominerer bare over det andet, alt efter hvilket køn individet er. Det er også i kønskirtlerne henholdsvis ægceller og sædceller, produceres, oplagres og frigives når modnet. I æggestokkene og testiklerne findes også kønshormonerne, hvor de overordnede er: LH, FSH og GnRH. Sammen med FSH sørger LH - hos kvinder, signalerer hormonet ægløsning, mens det i mænd stimulerer cellernes produktion af testosteron. Det at kvinder besidder mere østrogen og mindre testosteron, gør også at kvinder er mindre bygget end mænd og det omvendte med mænd. Derfor er mænd også stærkere end kvinder, da de producerer mere testosteron (det mandlige kønshormon), der frembringer de mandlige karaktertræk – som især store/synlige muskler, hårvækst i f.eks. ansigtet, stemmelejets udvikling osv.
Det er nødvendigt for manden at have en større lungefunktion, fordi han har flere celler, der kræver ilt til at udvinde energien af føden. Manden må derfor også have et større hjerte, som kan transportere
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Hypotese
Gennem forsøget med fingerstyrke, havde jeg klart forventet at drengene ville være de stærkeste. Dette var min forventning eftersom kvinder ikke har de samme hormonelle betingelser for muskelvækst som mænd. Derudover var min forventning også at pigernes fedtprocent ville ligge højere end drengenes, eftersom kvinder generelt ligger på 25 % fedt og mænd på kun 12 %. Jeg havde ikke forventet en forskel på hverken peakflowøvelsen eller pulsøvelsen.
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Resultater og beregninger
Fingerstyrke:
for kvinder er den generelle fingerstyrke på 25-30 kg, samt for mænd 45-50 kg. I klassen passede pigerne ind på skalaen, med 28,45 kg i gennemsnit. Det gjorde drengene ikke rigtigt, med kun 36,85 kg gennemsnitligt – lidt under den generelle.
Drengenes gennemsnitlige muskelstyrke fratrukket pigernes: 36,85-28,45 = 8,4 kg

Peakflow: for kvinder vil den gennerelle peakflow ligge på 385-420, hvor den for mænd gennemsnitligt vil ligge på 485-535. For klassen lå den gennemsnitlige pige på; 378,75 og for drengene 483,75.
Drengenes gennemsnitlige peakflow fratrukket pigernes: 378,75- 483,75 = 105 til forskel.
Fedtprocent: for kvinder er den gennemsnitlige fedtprocent på 25 % og i klassen på 29%. For drenge er den generelle fedtprocent på 12 %, samt for klassen 15,55%.
Drengenes gennemsnitlige fedtprocent fratrukket pigernes: 29-15,55= 13.45 i forskel.

Hvilepuls: generelt for kvinder: 80, for mænd: 60. I klassen for piger: 67,25 og for drenge 61,5– for pigerne var den altså ret lav, samt for drengene lidt højere end gennemsnittet.
Drengenes gennemsnitlige hvilepuls fratrukket pigernes: 67,25- 61,5=5.75 til forskel
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Diskussion
Foretag en sammenligning mellem resultaterne for drengene og resultaterne for pigerne med hensyn til målingerne. Resultaterne var gennemgående ret lig, de gennerelle resultater for mænd og kvinder.
Fingerstyrke: her var pigerne lige midt i mellem den gennemsnitlige styrke som ligger på 25-30, hvor pigerne i klassen scorede 28,45 kg i gennemsnit. Drengene lå til gengæld under gennemsnittet med kun 36,85 kg i fingerstyrken. Grunden til den store forskel på dette ved drenge og piger, kan især have noget med hormonerne østrogen og testosteron at gøre. Da man i denne alder er begyndt at udvikle sig meget – og at kroppen er begyndt at udskille disse hormoner, kan gøre at der er stor forskel, både på piger og drenge men også på drenge mod drenge og piger mod piger, da der er forskel på kroppene og deres udvikling her.
Fedtprocent: for pigerne, lå vi lidt over gennemsnittet som er på 25 % - her var pigernes på 29%. Det samme gælder for drengene hvis gennemsnitlige procent skal ligge på 12 %, her lå den på 15, 55%. Grunden til at pigerne – og drengene, lå under gennemsnittet i denne øvelse, kan især have noget at gøre med at vi i en alder af 16-19, ikke er fuldt udviklede. Derfor producerer kroppen mere – eller mindre af hormoner osv., for at udvikle os. For pigernes vedkommende sådan noget som bryster have en del i, at fedtprocenten ikke er så høj, da de ikke stopper med at ”vokse” før en alder af 23.
Peakflow: her lå pigerne lidt under gennemsnittet, som er 385-420, hvor pigerne lå på 378,75. drengene lå også lidt lavere, på 483,75 hvor gennemsnittet er 485-535.
Hvilepuls: her lå pigerne meget lavt, nemlig på 67,25 slag i minuttet – hvilket som generelt skal ligge på 80. hos drengene lå de lidt højere end gennemsnittet, altså på 61,5, hvor det gennemsnitligt er på 60.

Ifølge min hypotese holdte den stik både i forhold til fingerstyrke og fedtprocent. Dette har noget at gøre med mænd og kvinders hormonbalance (østrogen og testosteron). Derudover var der forskel på de to sidste øvelser, hvilket jeg ikke havde i forventningerne. Forskellen var især stor ved fedtprocenten, jeg havde godt forstillet mig at der ville være en forskel, dog ikke så stor. Noget af det som også kan have stor betydning indenfor, hvorvidt disse øvelser giver det ene eller det andet svar, er især sportslige vaner, stress, slankekure osv. Dette har stor indflydelse på, hvordan kroppen reagerer, samt kroppens styrke.
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Konklusion
Jeg kan hermed konkludere, at mange af de ting jeg havde regnet med, altså at drengene ville have højere finger styrke og lavere fedt procent, viste sig at være rigtigt.
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Fejlkilder * Upræcise tal, såsom vægt, højde sov. * fedtprocentmålerne var ret misvisende idet de alle viste forskellige tal * hvilepulsen kan have været misvisende eftersom vi ikke var i 100 % hviletilstand – vi slappede af så godt vi kunne trods omstændighederne, i 10 min.

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