...lawteacher.net http://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/2-2-essays/criminal-liability-essay.php Criminal Liability Essay "Criminal liability and the justifications for, and objectives of, punishment are based on the notion of individual blameworthiness" In light of the above statement, consider whether imposing criminal liability on corporations for manslaughter is ever justified. Introduction English law has yet to come to terms with the conceptually difficult task of attributing liability for manslaughter to a corporate entity. The essential problem is that a corporation is granted an independent status by a pragmatic legal fiction which affords an identity to entity which has no physical existence. Salomon v. Salomon & Co. [1897] is authority on this point. This is done in order to allow the corporation to assume responsibility and rights in its economic activities and this device has proved extremely useful in encouraging commercial risk taking and entrepreneurial activity. However, problems arise when it is necessary to consider the question of the criminal liability of the corporation, because one of the fundamental precepts of criminal law is that of personal criminal responsibility. The way in which criminal law attributes liability is by ascertaining a mens rea (a guilty mind) and an actus reus (a guilty act) on the part of the accused. It is difficult to accuse a company of possessing a guilty mind, because it has no personal mind or conscience, and it...
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...and the Transparency Imperative General Reporting Notes Data Gathering Report Form and Frequency Assurance 10 Glossary of Terms Acknowledgments 12 12 13 14 54 54 55 56 58 Introduction Introductory Section for the Oil and Gas Sector Overview of Sustainability Reporting The Purpose of a Sustainability Report Orientation to the GRI Reporting Framework Orientation to the GRI Guidelines Applying the Guidelines Part 1 Defining Report Content, Quality, and Boundary Guidance for Defining Report Content Principles for Defining Report Content Principles for Defining Report Quality Guidance for Report Boundary Setting 16 17 22 26 Part 2 Standard Disclosures Strategy and Profile 1. Strategy and Analysis 2. Organizational Profile 3. Report Parameters 4. Governance, Commitments, and Engagement 5. Management Approach and Performance Indicators Economic Environmental Social: Labor Practices and Decent Work 40 29 29 30 30 31 33 34 36 Version 3.1/OGSS Final version 1 RG Sustainability Reporting Guidelines & OGSS Oil and Gas Sector Supplement Overview of the Guidance included in this Document for the Oil and Gas Sector Supplement Throughout this document, oil and gas sector-specific materials are highlighted using the following symbols: Denotes sector-specific text or commentary on existing G3.1 Guidelines...
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...Table of Contents Introduction 2 Research Methodology 3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: 3 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS: 3 SOURCES OF DATA: 3 STYLE OF WRITING: 3 MODE OF CITATION: 3 Affirmative Action for the Disabled in the International Forum 4 General International Norms Pertaining to Persons with Disabilities 6 Specific International Measures Relating To Persons with Disabilities 7 Affirmative Action for the Disable in India 11 Rights of Persons with Disabilities Bill, 2011: A Critical Analysis 16 Bibliography 19 Statues 19 Books 19 Articles 19 Reports 20 Miscellaneous 20 Introduction According to the World Health Organization, “Disability is an umbrella term, covering impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions. Impairment is a problem in body function or structure; an activity limitation is a difficulty encountered by an individual in executing a task or action; while a participation restriction is a problem experienced by an individual in involvement in life situations. Thus disability is a complex phenomenon, reflecting an interaction between features of a person’s body and features of the society in which he or she lives.” Disabled people the world over experience discrimination and inequality. Many people with disabilities do not have equal access to health care, edu¬cation, and employment opportunities, do not receive the disability-related services that they require, and experience exclusion from everyday life activities. Following...
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...Preface Introduction to Human Resource Management and the Environment Human Resource Management A Brief History of Human Resource Management Strategic Importance of HRM HRM and Organizational Effectiveness Objectives of the HRM Function Helping the Organization Reach Its Goals Efficiently Employing the Skills and Abilities of the Workforce Providing Well-Trained and Well-Motivated Employees Increasing Employees' Job Satisfaction and Self-Actualization Achieving Quality of Work Life Communicating HRM Policies to All Employees Maintaining Ethical Policies and Socially Responsible Behavior Managing Change Managing Increased Urgency and Faster Cycle Time Who Performs HRM Activities Outsourcing The Interaction of Operating and HR Managers HRM's Place in Management HR Department Operations HRM Strategy Clarifying Meaningful HRM Objectives HRM Policy HRM Procedures Organization of an HR Department Plan of the Book Summary Key Terms Questions for Review and Discussion Notes The Human Resource Manager and Managing Multiple Responsibilities Careers in HRM A Strategic Management Approach to Human Resource Management A Model to Organize HRM How to Take a Diagnosic Approach to HRM External Environmental Influences Government Law and Regulations The Union Economic Conditions p. iv p. 1 p. 2 p. 5 p. 7 p. 9 p. 10 p. 11 p. 11 p. 12 p. 12 p. 12 p. 12 p. 13 p. 13 p. 13 p. 14 p. 14 p. 15 p. 16 p. 16 p. 16 p. 17 p. 19 p. 19 p. 19 p. 21 p. 22 p. 22 p. 23 p. 23 p. 25 p. 28 p. 30 p. 33 p. 34 p. 35...
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...DEMOCRATIZING GLOBALIZATION ZURIN MOHAMAD NOR University of Technology Mara, Institute of Graduate Studies, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia mnzurin3003@gmail.com Abstract Decision making in a country represents an involuntary constraint on the sovereignty of the country in the process of globalization. The democracy system of the country may appear to be negative effects to the sovereign will of the people. The weaknesses of the democratic institutions and dependent economies on external sources will be suffering and vulnerable to the pressures of globalization. The strength of their democratic institutions, capacity to structurally diversify their economies and knowledge advances of their people itself toward development of their country can coping this democratizing issue in globalization. Keywords : Involuntary, globalization, democratizing 1.0 Introduction Globalization has been given many meanings in different contexts. One frequently encountered meaning is that globalization is the homogenization of peoples’ tastes and demand patterns around the world due to increased access to international communication of information about products and services as well as increased access to transportation of products and people across the borders (Carol Hammond and Robert Grosse). Globalization means that events in one part of the world have ripple effects elsewhere, as ideas and knowledge, goods and services and capital and people move more easily across border. Communication...
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...Chapter 12 Human Resource Management True/False Questions WHY HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IS IMPORTANT 1. High-performance work practices are those that lead to high individual and high organizational performance. (True; moderate; p. 323) 2. High-performance work practices involve a commitment by management to improve the knowledge skills and abilities of the organization’s employees, increasing employee motivation, and enhancing the retention of quality employees. (True; easy; p. 323) THE HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROCESS 3. The human resource management (HRM) process consists of 10 activities necessary for staffing the organization and sustaining high employee performance. (False; moderate; p. 323) 4. A labor union is an organization that represents workers and seeks to protect their interests. (True; easy; p. 323) 5. In the United States, nearly 25 percent of all workers are unionized. (False; moderate; pp. 323-324) 6. Affirmative action programs assure that minorities are given equal opportunities in the workplace. (False; difficult; p. 324) 7. A community fire department can categorically deny employment to a firefighter applicant who is confined to a wheelchair. (True; moderate; p. 324) 8. The United States will experience a shortage of 20 million workers over the next 10 years according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (False; moderate; p. 325) HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING 9. Human resource planning can be condensed into two...
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...Corporate Environmental Management Project Report CSR Strategies for SONY (With Reference to Indian Electronics Industry) Submitted By: Sandeep Srivastava Roll No. 09, ISEM-05 NITIE - Mumbai Guided By: Prof. Shirish Sangle [pic] National Institute of Industrial Engineering Mumbai – 400 087 December 2006 Table of Contents: 1. Introduction 3 2. About SONY Group 4 3. CSR View of SONY 4 4. Management-oriented CSR Practices 4 4.1 Corporate Governance 4 4.2 Compliance 4 4.3 Supply Chain Management 5 5. People-oriented CSR Practices 5 5.1 For Shareholders 5 5.2 For Customers 5 5.3 For Employees 6 5.4 For the Community 7 6. Sony Group Environmental Vision 7 6.1 Approaches to Environmental Issues 7 6.2 Approach to Business Activities 8 6.3 Energy Saving and Resource Conservation 8 6.4 Management of Chemical Substances in Products 8 6.5 Reduction of Environmental Impact in Logistics 9 6.6 Environmentally Conscious Products and Services 9 6.7 Product Recycling 9 6.8 Global Warming Prevention Measures at Sites 9 6.9 Resource Conservation at Sites 9 6.10 Chemical Substance Management at Sites 9 6.11 Natural Environmental Conservation at Sites 10 7. The Way Forward 10 7.1 Reversing the Adversity of Outsourcing 10 7.2 Better Management of E-waste 10 7.3 Trade Union of Professionals 11 7.4 Safety of Female Employees 11 7.5 Narrowing the Digital Divide 11 7.6 Responsible Content Use and Privacy of Data 11 7.7 Crisis...
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...ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION IN THE WORK PLACE PART I – SECTION I - REFERENCE LIST Search Strategy To facilitate my search criteria, I sought the use of various search engines such as Google scholars, Bing, ProQuest and Academic OneFile. In order to identify what I was meant to research and comprehend, I used certain keywords and certain phrases which are relevant to the topic I picked. The following are the keywords that I picked for search purpose • Causes of anxiety in workplace • Workplace depression • Effect of Alcohol and drug dependence on workplace • Anxiety and work environment • Boredom in job • Stress in workplace • organizational commitment & employee discontent • Physical fitness and work related issues • Dealing with Anxiety and Depression • Coping with Anxiety and Depression • Impact of anxiety and depression on organization and economy I had analyzed the various key words which are related to the topic and compared sourced information from other related sites for the topic. To find how organizations deal with anxiety and depression and how this affects other employees I initiated discussions with the human resource dept and the different chiefs of the company that I work, namely Gulf Cement Co. The Preliminary research question that I will be addressing in the literature review What are the effects of anxiety and depression in the work place and how organizations deal with it? A list of 6 – 8 Keywords and their definitions...
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...effectiveness Organizational behavior: the scientific study of individual and group behavior in organizations; focused on different levels of analysis * Use of the scientific method to understand and solve problems relate to people in organizations * Focus on organizational behavior * Individuals: attitudes, behavior, health * Groups/teams: norms, cohesion, conflict * Organizations: firm performance, culture, climate Historical influences: * Fredrick Taylor: first to subject work to scientific study; interested in efficiency * Published Principles of Scientific Management (1911) * Conducted first field experiments like shuffling studies * Time-and-motion studies to identify “one best way” to do a job * Ford example; he found a way to make Ford cars cheaper * Elton Mayo: studied workers at Hawthorne; worked of the Western Electric Co. in late 20’s – early 30’s * Research on effects of lighting, breaks, length of work day, and type of incentive pay on performance * Illumination studies and Hawthorne Effect * Social factors affect behavior in organizations (human relations movement) * Kurt Lewin: * Father of social psychology * Action research * Leader climates/styles * Organizational change process and force field analysis * B= f(P,E) * Behavior is an function between an individual and their environment External perspective: explaining behavior...
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...Human Rights and the Millennium Development Goals in Practice: A review of country strategies and reporting UNITED NATIONS Human Rights and the Millennium Development Goals in Practice: A review of country strategies and reporting UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 2010 Note The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. HR/PUB/10/1 © 2010 United Nations All worldwide rights reserved Credits Photographs: Goal 1: photo by Adam Rogers/UNCDF; Goal 2: © International Labour Organization/ G. Cabrera; Goal 3: photo by Adam Rogers/UNCDF; Goal 4: © UNICEF Armenia/2007/Igor Dashevskiy; Goal 5: © International Labour Organization/E. Gianotti; Goal 6: © World Lung Foundation/ Thierry Falise; Goal 7: © International Labour Organization/M. Crozet; Goal 8: © International Labour Organization/M. Crozet. About the publication This publication builds on a series of country and thematic background studies commissioned for the regional “Dialogues for Action: Human Rights and MDGs”, which took place in...
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...Jump to navigation Search Cornell Search About LII / Get the law / Lawyer Directory / Get Legal Forms / Legal Encyclopedia / Help Out • • Wex • all pages • articles • español • Inbox Project • search • FAQ Legal systems Introduction: profusion and variety There are hundreds of legal systems in the world. At the global level, international law is of great importance, whether created by the practice of sovereign states or by agreement among them in the form of treaties and other accords. Some transnational entities such as the European Union have created their own legal structures. At the national level there are over 180 sovereign states in the United Nations Organization. Many of these are federal or confederal, and their constituent parts may well have their own law. But, despite this great variety, it is important to begin by emphasizing one great division: that into religious and secular legal systems. Each side of this split holds quite different views as to law, in its source, scope, sanctions, and function. The source of religious law is the deity, legislating through the prophets. Secular law is made by human beings, and one of its most famous examples begins with the words 'We, the people'. It follows from this difference in their source that religious laws are perceived to be eternal and immutable, while secular rules can be changed by their makers. Religious law tells people what to believe as well as how to behave, whereas secular law deals...
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...Corporate Social Responsibility & the Law Assessment 1: Individual Essay Introduction Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is defined by Ferrell et al (2011) as “an organisation’s obligation to maximize its positive impact on stakeholders and minimize its negative impact”. CSR can therefore be viewed as a corporation's agreement with the world. CSR is most commonly used alongside the “ethics” term but they actually differ as ethics are the guidelines to be used for business decision making. Ethics, according to Preston (1996), is concerned with what is right, fair, just or good, about what we ought to do, not just what can be done or what is most acceptable or expedient. Ethics allows for set standards and rules to be used to guide behaviours which form just one level of the considerations of CSR. The International Labour Office (2006) identifies CSR as giving consideration to operational impacts on society and affirming values in their internal methods, processes and external interactions – CSR is voluntary, enterprise-driven and refers to activities considered to exceed legal compliance. With the expectation that business will give as well as take from a society and environment in which it operates, the concept of social obligation proposes that a firm has obligations to area that spread beyond making profit. Additionally, the community expects socially and environmentally responsible behaviour practices; the so-called triple bottom line approach. This anticipation...
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...Topic Two: Human Rights Rights The nature and development of concepts of human rights. State sovereignty, ‘natural law’ doctrine, historic constitutional documents, movement for slavery abolition, trade unionism, universal suffrage and universal education Human Rights Human rights are the basic rights to which all human beings are entitled to. The most recognized document in modern human rights is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, created by the UN. Human rights can be said to come from the idea of ‘natural law’. Natural Law Doctrine is the idea that some laws come from God or higher reasoning whether they have been written down or not. State sovereignty State sovereignty refers to the power of a state to have control over its territory and its subject. It’s important for protecting human rights because it means someone whose rights are being abused can flee to a safe country for protection. Because it restricts the actions of neighbours and other concerned states, also allows human rights abuses to go unpunished within the boundaries of a state. Movement for the Abolition of Slavery Slavery is the state of being under the control of another person. Trade Unionism Trade unionism is the collective organisation of workers formed to protect the rights of individuals from the power exercised by employees. The benefits of trade unionism include: * Prevention of child labour * Prevention of forced labour * Fair treatment of workers ...
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...According to the Miriam-Webster dictionary, affirmative action is defined as “an active effort to improve the employment or educational opportunities of members of minority groups and women” (Miriam). Many people feel that affirmative action is necessary to either counteract injustices or ensure the advancement of certain minorities. There are four justifications generally pointed out by affirmative action exponents. These are racism, poverty, diversity, and the problem of underrepresentation. Supporters point out that many blacks, Hispanics and Native Americans live in substandard housing, go to substandard schools, and live in crime ridden neighborhoods. They also claim that they are targets of daily racism, hindering their chances for advancement. Proponents point to small numbers of these minorities in certain desirable jobs (i.e. CEOs of corporations and high elected office) as evidence of underrepresentation of minorities and a need for diversity both in the workplace and in higher education. There are a number of different levels of affirmative action, including quotas, preferences, and outreach, in lessening order of severity. Quotas, also called “set asides”, deal with having a definite amount of jobs or college spots reserved for a particular group. For example, if a university admits 1000 students every year and sets aside 150 seats that are open to blacks only, this is considered a quota. A perfect illustration of a quota would be the 1977 Supreme Court case...
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...GE 1301- PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND HUMAN VALUES UNIT I & II – HUMAN VALUES The Story of a Carpenter An elderly carpenter was ready to retire. He told his employer-contractor of his plans to leave the house- building business and live a more leisurely life with his wife enjoying his extended family. He would miss his paycheck, but he needed to retire. They could get by. The contractor was sorry to see his good worker go and asked if he could build just one more house as a personal favor. The carpenter said yes, but in time it was easy to see that his heart was not in his work. He resorted to shoddy workmanship and used inferior materials. It was an unfortunate way to end his career. When the carpenter finished his work and the builder came to inspect the house, the contractor handed over the house key to the carpenter. “This is your house,” he said, “it is my parting gift to you.” What a shock! What a Shame! If only he had known he was building his own house, he would have done it all so differently. Now he had to live in the home he built none too well. (Modified from LIVING WITH HONOUR by SHIV KHERA) Do we find ourselves in similar situations as the carpenter? Moving through our work hours fast paced, driven to “get the job done”, without much thought to moral values. How do we regain our focus as individuals and organizations? This is the challenge for the employee and the employer. Ethics are fundamental standards of conduct by which we work as a professional. VALUES Values...
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