...Eating habits have been changing rapidly in modern India. While traditionally, Indian families used to cook food at home with healthy ingredients and knew what went into the meal, in modern times, with rising incomes and affluence, more and more people are moving away to readymade fast foods and eating regularly at restaurants. The food in many of these outlets is cooked with poor quality ingredients to attract and satisfy the palate rather than provide a wholesome nutritional meal. We now have a lot more varieties and the choices are many. Though, some of us may not be aware of the fact that the food we consume may be adulterated, 25 to 30 per cent of the food items in India are intentionally adulterated. Impure, unsafe Food adulteration is the addition or removal of any substances to or from food, so that the natural composition and quality is affected. Adulterated food is impure, unsafe and not wholesome. Food can be adulterated intentionally and accidentally. Unintentional adulteration is a result of ignorance or the lack of facilities to maintain food quality. This may be caused by spill over effect from pesticides and fertilisers. Inappropriate food handling and packaging methods can also result in adulteration. Intentional food adulteration is usually done for financial gain. The most common form of intentional adulteration is colour adulteration. Some examples of intentional adulteration are addition of water to liquid milk, extraneous matter to ground spices...
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...I. Introduction: Food adulteration is a growing problem in Bangladesh as large numbers of consumers have become victims of consuming adulterated foods. This problem is becoming acute day by day. It is becoming essential to find out the reasons of food adulteration and how to solve this problem. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has estimated that 45 million people in Bangladesh suffer from food poisoning or some kind of food-borne diseases round the year. Adulteration of food with toxic chemicals harmful to health has reached an epidemic proportion in Bangladesh. The newspapers have out and out conferred it, as the ‘silent killer’. It is now very difficult to find a sector of food industry which is free of adulteration. Experts believe that 76% of foods of our country are adulterated. Alarming increase of adulteration of food commodities create a strong public opinion for combating the ferocity of the offence. The study first identifies what is food adulteration and types of food adulteration. Secondly, the study aims to provide some suggestion for removing this problem. II. What is food Adulteration? Food Adulteration is the act of adding or mixing something harmful, useless and unnecessary substance to food. In other words, any food item may be considered as adulterated if its nature and quality are not up to the standard. As a result of adulteration, food or drink becomes impure and unfit for human consumption. Unscrupulous traders normally adulterate food....
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...Part I The Beech-Nut case is primarily a case testing the behavioral ethics and decision processes of key stakeholders in the crisis. This case primarily gives an overview on different roles of the key players and their outlook toward the adulteration speculation. I would like to briefly introduce the key characters, their responsibilities, and issues faced by them in their communication strategy, all of which in the wake of the crisis formed a basis for a crucial decision-making by the CEO. Peter Anderson Role: President and CEO Responsibilities: As the newly appointed CEO of Beech-Nut Nutrition Corporation Anderson was responsible for the following * Turning the loss making Beech-Nut into a profitable company * Increasing the market share of Beech-Nut * To supply healthy products rich in nutrition in the market which met Nestlé’s product standards * To undertake changes in the operational and marketing activities of the company which directly influenced the profitability of the company Ethical issues those faced by Anderson while addressing his role are listed as follows * The most important dilemma Anderson was facing during the speculative adulteration crisis situation was whether Beech-Nut Corp needs to join PAI in a lawsuit against Universal Juice Company who were the suppliers of apple juice concentrate to Beech-Nut * Whether Beech-Nut needed to continue selling its apple juice products from the finished inventory which was around 700,000 cases...
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...Eating habits have been changing rapidly in modern India. While traditionally, Indian families used to cook food at home with healthy ingredients and knew what went into the meal, in modern times, with rising incomes and affluence, more and more people are moving away to readymade fast foods and eating regularly at restaurants. The food in many of these outlets is cooked with poor quality ingredients to attract and satisfy the palate rather than provide a wholesome nutritional meal. We now have a lot more varieties and the choices are many. Though, some of us may not be aware of the fact that the food we consume may be adulterated, 25 to 30 per cent of the food items in India are intentionally adulterated. Impure, unsafe Food adulteration is the addition or removal of any substances to or from food, so that the natural composition and quality is affected. Adulterated food is impure, unsafe and not wholesome. Food can be adulterated intentionally and accidentally. Unintentional adulteration is a result of ignorance or the lack of facilities to maintain food quality. This may be caused by spill over effect from pesticides and fertilisers. Inappropriate food handling and packaging methods can also result in adulteration. Intentional food adulteration is usually done for financial gain. The most common form of intentional adulteration is colour adulteration. Some examples of intentional adulteration are addition of water to liquid milk, extraneous matter to ground spices...
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...and melting temperatures. Sometimes the different substances may interfere with each other’s melting and boiling points. However the pure compounds have definite boiling and melting points. The presence of an impurity usually lowers the melting point and raises the boiling point. The greater the amount of an impurity, the bigger the differences from the true melting point and boiling point. Thin layer chromatography is similar to paper chromatography, but instead of paper, a thin layer of power is coated onto the plastic plate or glass. Different types of powders and solvents are used; this depends on the type of substance being separated. The results of a pure substance should show that the substance produces just one spot on the plate and the distance travelled by the substance is identical to known sample of that substance on the same plate. Weighing, mixing, heating, cooling, filtration, washing and drying are processes that can affect the yield and the purity of aspirin. In the chemical reaction, most of the time the aspirin produced might be impure. Therefore, aspirin must go through another process known as re-crystallization. Re-crystallization should be done many times till aspirin is free from impurities. Iron (III) chloride test can be done to check for impurities. Explain how...
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...Filtering and Purifying water before you drink it has now become a crucial part of living in a rapidly growing, economically expanding world. Did you know that roughly one-eighth of the world's population lacks access to safe water supplies, while as many as 2.5 billion people live without sanitized water? Untreated water is made up of unhealthy chemicals and contaminants that if taken in through the body can lead to some fatal diseases. Water purification plants remove harmful impurities through a process of pretreatment, coagulation, filtration, and disinfection, making our water safe to drink. There are a few steps in purifying water that I will be discussing with you shortly. The first step in water purification is pretreatment. During pretreatment, water is pumped in from its source and screened to remove any large objects, leaves, and debris before reaching the holding tanks. Next, the coagulation process begins. Coagulation removes the dirt and other particles from the water by adding a chemical that forms a sticky substance called “floc”. Floc combines with dirt as the water moves to a sedimentary basin. The sedimentary is then removed from the water giving water its clear, colorless quality. While coagulation removes the sedimentation from the water, the second to last process is taking place which is the filtration phase which pushes the remaining particles through filters of sand and charcoal. Filtration reduces the water by about 90 to 95 percent. The last process...
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...Marketing Project Skincare Product Dermalogica’sClearingMattifier Cleanser Shiseido’s Purifying Cleansing Form Neutrogena’s Oil-Free Acne Wash 1. INTRODUCTION As we know, products can be classified as either business or consumer products, depending on the buyer’s intension and these products are marketed difference; they are marketed to different target markets and tend to use different distribution, promotion, and pricing strategies. In my paper, I choose the cleanser (Skincare product) as the consumer products to introduce and tell how they are different from each other as well as the Marketing Mix for all three products. Cleanser for acne skin ofDermalogica, Shiseido, and Neutrogena skincare products are three popular products that are sold at United State with larger market. First of all, as a brand, Dermalogica immediately upset the prevailing paradigm of beauty and glamour by classifying skin care as a health issue as opposed to a cosmetic concern. Just as it removed common irritants from the ingredient menu, Dermalogica also introduced a powerful new element into the brand identity: the specialized expertise of the professional skin therapist.Truly understanding your skin is the first step towards a lifetime of skin health. Start with a Dermalogica professional skin therapist: fortunately, with over 75,000 of them in over 50 countries, chances are you have a skin health expert just around the corner. Clearing mattifier cleanser of Dermalogica is a medicated...
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...stirring rod to guide the liquid, pour the hot solution through the filter. Reheat the solution if necessary to keep it hot all times during the filtration.8. Rinse the flask in which the solid was heated with 20 ml of boiling water then pour this water also through the ilter.9. Allow the filtrate to cool, undisturbed , to room temperature, and then place it in an ice bath. If crystallization has not occurred, attempt to induce it by any of the methods discussed previously.10. Collect the crystals by filtration.11. Allow the crystals to dry in air.12. When crystals are completely dry, weigh them , label and turn in to your instructor to be used for melting point determination in Activity 8. | Choosing a solventThe first consideration in purifying a solid by recrystallization is to find a suitable solvent. There are four important properties that you should look for in a good solvent for recrystallization. 1. The compound should be very soluble at the boiling point of the solvent and only sparingly soluble in the solvent at room temperature. This difference in solubility at hot versus cold temperatures is essential...
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...products using the boiling points. For 1-propanol, the boiling point is around 97°C. Boiling point for 1-propanol is higher than the product produced, 1-bromopropane, which boils at around 72°C. The distillate should form around 72°C and should drop into the receiver at around 116°C, which creates the desired product of 1-bromopropane. The temperature range of the distillate coincided with the product because the boiling point is approximately 70°C, which is the temperature of when the solution distilled. For 2-pentanol, the boiling point range is around 118-119°C, which is very similar to the products’ boiling points, 116-117°C and 118-199°C. Since there was little to no separation between the organic compounds, the impurities remained in the distillation flask. The impurities were later removed before extraction. Extractions were performed to further purify the distillate of the alcohols and sulfuric acid. Water was able to remove the leftover alcohol from the solution, which resulted in the water spikes in our NMR and IR spectrums. Water was able to remove the leftover alcohol because water is a polar molecule and the hydroxyl groups are attracted to the layer that is more polar. On the separatory funnel, there were three layers, organic layer (product layer), aqueous layer, then once again the organic layer. The product was formed on both the top and bottom layer even though they were only supposed to form on the bottom layer of the separatory funnel because the products are denser...
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...color; then, filtration is done to collect the solution. Once the solution reaches the room temperature, it is placed in an ice bath. Finally, the crystals were collected through filtration and washings with water. INTRODUCTION Only solids that can pass the vapor phase without passing through the liquid phase can be purified by sublimation. Solids that do not have this property can be purified by recrystallization. Recrystallization is the most important method for purifying solid organic compounds. It is a very efficient method of purification, and an important industrial technique still relevant in the chemical world. (Williamson and Masters, 2010). Figure 1: process of recrystallization A pure, crystalline organic substance has a well-defined crystal lattice, a three-dimensional array held by London forces. Most organic solids melt between the range of 22℃ and 250℃. An impure organic solid does not have a well-defined lattice and needs to undergo recrystallization, in order to remove the impurities and to allow a perfect crystal lattice to grow. The four important concepts in the process of recrystallization are solubility, saturation level, exclusion, and nucleation (Williamson and Masters, 2010). Recrystallization is a process where in the impure organic solid will be dissolved in a hot solvent (solubility). When the solution is...
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...Date: Water Treatment, Desalination Water is an essential natural resource with a wide range of functions. Water treatment is a process aimed at purifying water for either consumption by human beings and animals or for irrigation. Several processes are applied during water treatment. Desalination is a process of removing salt and other chemicals from sea water. The process is complex with varied economic benefits, environmental and health impacts, and social impact as exemplified by this essay. Desalination involves separation of dissolved salts from brackish, wastewater, wells, industrial feed and sea water. The process of desalination is referred to as reverse osmosis. Water is forced to pass through semi-permeable membrane. Energy is required to enable water passage through the membrane. Reverse Osmosis uses stainless steel pipelines that are extensively iron based. An ancillary equipment is availed in accordance with the chloride concentration in each case. For the low levels of chloride, stainless steel pipe systems are applied. In the case of highly corrosive resistant materials, either super- austenitic materials or duplex stainless steels are used to handle high levels of chloride. Nanofiltration (NF) and Reverse Osmosis are the prevalent membranes driven by pressure. They removes salt and other impurities. The cost of desalination is high because it uses advanced technology that is applied by skilled personnel. It is an expensive process demanding...
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...Essay we shall explore ritual and ethical understandings of both Islam and Judaism and reflect on mutual understandings of purity between the two religions, religious definitions and anthropological theories, and my own experience with purity and ethics. Overlapping and Mutual Influences in both Judaism and Islam vary in the sense that according to the Jewish law a person may not enter the temple if he or she is impure. They must usually undergo three different stages of purification. These stages include waiting a period or length of time; offering of a ritual bath and foretokening certain symbolic sacrifices. Sources of impurity for the Jews are from contact with dead bodies, leprosy, and from sexual organs. For Jews contact with the dead bodies causes ritual uncleanness, which may be transferred to other people, to objects, or to food. The impurity caused by the contact of sexual organs means that the purification ritual may have to be applied. A woman during her time of the menstrual period naturally is considered impure (Lev. 18:19). According to the Jewish tradition a lady must refrain from marital relations and also may transfer this uncleanness to others, to food, or to objects. Purification in this means is achieved by waiting seven days after the stoppage of bleeding and then...
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...Department of Medical Technology Faculty of Pharmacy University of Santo Tomas, España, Manila Organic Chemistry Laboratory Recrystallization of Acetanilide Experiment 4 Author: Janina Erika G. Sese Group 8 – 2C Medical Technology (A.Y. 2015-2016) Members: Kathleen Danielle Marie A. Robles, Amiel C. Sabangan, Hanz Jefry A. Saliendra, Andrea Betina M. Vega, Anna Denise Z. Yang ------------------------------------------------- Date Submitted: October 28, 2015 ------------------------------------------------- ABSTRACT Recrystallization is the simplest and most widely used operation for purifying organic solids that differ in their solubility at different temperatures. In this experiment, three test tubes with water, hexane and, ethanol, respectively, were used to dissolve pure acetanilide. These test tubes were placed in a water bath for one to five minutes, then, were cooled through running water for the selection of the best solvent to use in recrystallization. Crude acetanilide was obtained by mixing two milliliters aniline and 20 milliliters distilled water with three milliliters acetic anhydride, which was cooled with running water. It was then filtered and dried for the procurement of crude acetanilide. This was mixed with 20 milliliters of the chosen solvent and heated through water bath until the solid was dissolved. Next, it was immediately filtered while hot. The filtrate was collected and was cooled with running water leading to...
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...These were righteous individuals who had heard the words of Alma and Amulek. These people were those whose hearts were not hardened like unto their leaders. In tackling this question, turning to the symbolic nature of fire adds great depth and meaning to the otherwise senseless death of so many. Fire has historically symbolized God in two very different manner: namely God’s glory and mercy, and God’s punishment and justice. Biblically speaking, we read of the refiner’s fire. A fire used to purify metals and a symbol for the manner in which Jesus Christ interacts with us, his people. We are in the hands of the master. The refiner’s fire reaches unbelievable temperatures in order to remove impurities from the metal and allow the metal to become the best it can possibly be. During the purifying process, the master refiner (who is Christ) sits by at all times. The metal is purified when the refiner can see his own reflection in the metal. In other words, we as individuals are fully refined when we reflect Christ. “Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God.” (Matthew 5:8) i think the period goes after the sitation. Jesus Christ himself received (in glory) the souls of those murdered: the women and children of Ammonihah. (Alma 14:11) This fact, revealed to Alma by the Spirit of the Lord, seems to indicate their purity and worthiness. Perhaps the fire that signaled the end of their mortal existence was a literal representation of the refiner’s fire, and thus a representation...
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...Good morning/afternoon teachers and students we are here today at the HSC Study Day to discover and analyse the ideas and characters which are always centralised in films. Centralised in a matter of "Distinctive characters and ideas are at the heart of every film". Furthermore the film “Witness” directed by Peter Weir delves into the concept of the themes and characters. In Peter Weir’s western showdown the metamorphose of clashing cultures are highlighted through his use of a variety of cinematic techniques. The cascading use of lighting and sound in the “Barn Dancing Scene” is used to symbolise the romantic tension between Book and Rachel. Through angling the camera of the car and upper mid shots of both Book and Rachel when they are inside the car and as they exit the vehicle, Weir zooms into Rachel’s face which is comprised with shock followed by a smile. By doing this Weir is able to manifest the notion of romantic tension between his two characters by confronting his audience with a situation that demonstrates Book’s growing fondness of Rachel. The use of soft and ever-present sounds is utilised to demonstrate the innocence of his characters emotions. Furthermore by applying these techniques the audience is pulled into a world which exacerbates the social regulations that may prohibit the growing relationship between Book and Rachel. This has a profound impact on the audience the rigid culture clash becomes ever more evident which Weir does purposely to expose his intentions...
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