...“What is "business ethics"?” Peter F. Drucker Drucker’s work takes a look at what is business ethics and what is not business ethics as it pertains to some of the major approaches taken by philosophers throughout time. No matter what the place in time the code of ethics as it pertains to Western tradition is based solely on one principle. That principle is “There is only one code of ethics, that of individual behavior, for prince and pauper, for rich and poor, for the mighty and the meek alike.” Drucker P. F. (1981). Given this principle what is business ethics or even ethics at all with given the implications that behavior which is neither immoral nor illegal for an individual would be immoral or illegal if committed by business? There seems to be a lack of compatibility with what ethics is supposed to be and business ethics. For example a person handing his money over to a mugger threatening physical harm isn’t considered unethical although the mugger is a criminal but in the business world paying off union racketeers to prevent disruption is considered to be unethical practice. The confusion around ethics in general and business ethics continues when we start looking at other business systems outside of the United States. Take for example the Japanese and German who consider the appointing of a counselor who was previously a distinguished civil servant based on the recommendation of his colleagues is essential to the public interest. However, if this practice were to...
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...CONSTITUTIONAL LAW COURSE TITLE: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PROVISIONS OF FUNDAMENTAL OBJECTIVES AND DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY (CHAPTER 2) 1999 CONSTITUTION OF NIGERIA AND THE 1992 CONSTITUTION OF GHANA. PRESENTED BY: IWEBAFA GIFT ODIBO MAY 2014 I. Introduction Chapter two of the Nigerian Constitution of 1999 (as Amended) and Chapter Six of the Ghanian Constitution of 1992, both made provisions for the Fundamental Objectives and Directive Principles of State Policy, which are intended to guide all citizens, Parliament, the President, the Judiciary, the Council of State, the Cabinet, political parties, and other bodies and persons in applying or interpreting the Constitution or any other laws.[1] The directive principles cover political objectives, economic objectives, social objectives, educational objectives, cultural objectives, international relations, and duties of citizens. The main issue that relates to the directive principles is their constitutional status; whether they are justiciable or not justiciable and this is applicable to both Ghana and Nigeria. A policy is a guide to the achievement of an objective. By constitutional policy, we mean the principles and objectives set out in the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria of 1999 (CFRN 1999) which act as a guide to achieving governmental objectives. A government without a guide is like an aircraft without a compass. In the words of Oguntade (JSC), the Constitution is the very...
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... Ashley April 3, 2016 AIU Online Professor Ian McDougall Explanations of the Branches of Philosophy Philosophy is the study of the primary essence of knowledge, reality, and existence, mainly when viewed as an educational regimen. Philosophy includes an approach of questions and answers among a couple of individuals; this approach is referred to as a dialogue. In a dialogue, an individual is searching for a reasonable view and comprehension and the other individual already has to understand and wants to assist the other. Philosophy encompasses six branches to aid in the comprehension of the orderly and logical approach to philosophy. The six branches are Metaphysics, Epistemology, Ethics, Aesthetics, Political philosophy, and social philosophy. The first branch in understanding in understanding philosophy is Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that handles the first concepts of things, including conceptual principles like being, knowing, substance, cause, identity, time, and space. Metaphysics is the first branch of philosophy credible for the research of existence and reality. It answers the question “What is?” It involves everything that occurs or lives as well as the type of existence itself. It determines whether the society is actual or simply a hallucination. It is an underlying perspective of society. It is the base of philosophy. If there was no justification or explanation of the society surrounding us the society would be incapable of handling truth. Reality...
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...How People Make Economic Decisions Paper How people make economic decisions regarding their buying’s of good or services at the market are ruled by three basic principles as follows: People are rational as they make the best decision that will benefit each individual on their purchases or selling’s. The people evaluate constantly the benefits versus the cost of the goods or services. Example of this might be: An imaginary famous nail enamel branch was priced originally as .39 cents as the sale manager established. The famous branch was heading to bankrupt then did a marketing study of the market where they establish that the price the people where most likely to pay was .69 cents; this show us that the people associates price with quality. People respond to economic incentives, The basic idea behind the incentive tells that people tend to move towards a decision that they didn’t considered before if at the time they will receive any monetary incentive for it. As an example the author show us how Estonia woman start having babies after the government decide to provide incentive for each child birth to the mother for a couple of months with the goal of rise the born and death rate in this country that still critical. Finally the Optima decision is made at the margin where the benefits are maximize, where the seller obtain the maximum return possible for what the buyers are willing to pay for a good or service. The best example to show the application of the marginal benefits...
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...Question-01: The Constitution declares that the sovereignty lies with the people and constitution is the embodiment and solemn expression of the will of the people? 1.0 Introduction: Do we have a right to hold opinions that differ from others? Can we write and publish what we think? Can we protest to your government if we disapprove of its policies? Can the government search and seize our property? Can we be arrested and held without trial? Can the government treat us differently than it treats other people? Every country is based on some kind of law. Some of those are arbitrary powers, however over the years the only rule that seems to dictate the terms is the rule of law. As a citizen, we must know our constitutional rights in order to assert them. One of the basic principles of the any constitution is the rule of law.Actually sustainable development and good governance mostly depends on the proper application of rule of law. Laws are made for the welfare of the people, to bring a balance in society, a harmony between the conflicting forces in society. One of the prime objects of making constitution is to maintain law and order in society, a peaceful environment for the progress of the people. 2.0 Sovereignty of the people: Today, most modern states have followed written and fixed constitutions. A constitution presupposes the universe of a constituent power, as distinguished from other constituted powers, created by the constitution itself. Constitution is the highest...
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...The Six Branches of Philosophy Charlene Murray PHI 201 UNIT 1 IP AIU Humans are such complex individuals. Learning what makes each individual to think, and react has been widely studied. Philosophy is the rational investigation of the truths and principles of being, knowledge, or conduct and a personal outlook or viewpoint. The six branches of philosophy will help address questions often asked daily during human lifetime. Metaphysics is the study of existence Epistemology is the study of knowledge Ethnics is the study of action Politics is the study of force Esthetics is the study of art Social is the study of social behavior What is real? Scientist has based findings that the brain may distinguish between reality and fantasy, because real things tend to have a higher degree of personal relevance than something that is fictional. My personal experience with real; can you communicate with the dead. I can remember as a child my grandfather dead. He appeared to be sleeping but he died in his sleep. I can remember talking for hours the day before he died. He told me to always come to him if I needed to talk about anything or if I was having a problem. My reason for questioning this is every time I had a problem I would dream about my grandfather. And in every dream he always gave me sound advice which always solved the problem. So I do believe that you can communicate with the dead, but it is a spiritual connection. Ernst Mach (1836-1916) thought that the only real...
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...Enhanced K+12 Basic Education Program as the Trending Issue in the Philippine Education Christelle Jane C. Alto University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna Abstract This research paper discussed the reasons why Enhanced K+12 Basic Education Program is seen as an inappropriate implementation in a developing country like the Philippines. The current status of the education in our country is declining. Few noticeable facts about our educational system are broad elementary education, limited secondary schools, and unstable collegiate education. We take pride in the fact that 30% of our annual budget is allocated for education, mainly elementary education. But beyond this level, the national government participation and support is diminishing sharply. The support from the national government is negligible. The main reasons why K+12 program is inappropriate to be implemented in the Philippines are the education budget shortage, poverty, and incompetent teachers. It can be concluded that the national government influences the capability of the Philippines to adapt to the implementation of K+12 program. The government must allocate more educational budget to be able to achieve quality education. Enhanced K+12 basic education system as the trending issue in the Philippine education Despite the necessity of improvement in quality education through implementing...
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...Implementing Business Process Management Name Budget and Performance Analyst State Bar of California Prepared for Name CFO, Department of Finance July 30, 2013 Table of Contents LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 4 ABSTRACT 5 INTRODUCTION 6 Background 6 Business Process Improvement…………….….6 Types of Process Improvement………………… 7 Problem…………………………………………………………………7 Purpose…………………………………………………………………7 Scope…………………………………………………………………..7 DISCUSSION…………………………………………………………………8 Types of process improvement………………………….8 Six Sigma………………………………………………….8 Lean………………………………………………………….9 Barriers to Business process improvement…….10 Implementing Business process improvement in the public sector…………………………………………..11 Requirements………………………………………….11 Where to Implement……….……………………..12 Results……………………………………………………..13 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………13 Recommendations……………………………………………………..14 References………………………………………………………………….15 List of Illustrations Figure 1 Five Steps of Lean………………………………………………………….9 Abstract This report investigates how business process improvement can successfully enhance the State Bar as an organization by reducing waste, increasing efficiency, improving compliance and boosting staff satisfaction. Achieving the benefits of this process improvement will allow the State Bar to continue its level of service without increases in...
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...Principle of Distributive Justice Considered as one type of justice, distributive justice is a central concept in the Catholic tradition and is closely linked to the concepts of human dignity, the common good, and human rights. Considered as an ethical principle, distributive justice refers to what society or a larger group owes its individual members in proportion to: 1) the individual’s needs, contribution and responsibility; 2) the resources available to the society or organization (market considerations would be included under this, as well as other financial considerations); and 3) the society’s or organization’s responsibility to the common good. In the context of health care, distributive justice requires that everyone receive equitable access to the basic health care necessary for living a fully human life insofar as there is a basic human right to health care. The principle of distributive justice implies that society has a duty to the individual in serious need and that all individuals have duties to others in serious need. In decisions regarding the allocation of resources, such as rationing decisions, the duty of society is not diminished because of the person’s status or nature of illness. Everyone is entitled to equal access to basic care necessary for living in a human way. Triage must presume an essential equality of persons. In other words, allocation decisions should not be based upon judgments of the quality of persons. Benefits and burdens should also be...
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...Michael was already on probation for numerous violent acts. Acts against other people and property. WEBER’S CONCEPT OF BUREAUCRACY Max Weber’s Concept of Bureaucracy consists of three basic theories. They are: Specialization of Labor, Hierarchical Order and Impersonal Rules. "The principle of office hierarchy and of levels of graded authority mean a firmly ordered system of super-and subordination in which there is a supervision of the lower offices by the higher ones (Stillman, 54). The concept of Hierarchical Order is directly related to this case study. Hierarchical Order basically means that everyone in a bureaucratic system has someone to answer to within the government. Because we have these checks and balances system, the government is supposed to run smoothly and properly. HOW THE HIERARCHICAL ORDER FAILED KRISTIN The following are a few examples of how the Hierarchical Order failed to protect Kristin: In 1988, Cartier was arrested and sentenced to six months in jail, non of which he served. In 1990, Cartier was arrested on multiple charges such as destruction of property and animal cruelty. Between December 1990, and March 1991, Cartier continuously physically abuses, torments and harassed his girlfriend at the time. He was then arrested and served six months. In 1992, Cartier beats Kristin for the first time. Kristen breaks up with Cartier after another brutal beating and obtains an emergency protective order. May 30th, 1992 Cartier...
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...In order to begin to understand and analyze Dr. Peffer’s Theory of Social Justice, we want to first look at the five main principles. These principles are a Modified look at John Rawls’s “Two Principles” of Social Justice (1971). These five modified principles include The Basic Rights Principle, The Maximum Equal Basic Liberties Principle, The Fair Equality of Opportunity Principle, The Modified Difference Principle, The Social and Economic Democracy Principle. First of all, The Basic Rights Principle addresses the very fundamental issues of Security and Subsistence Rights. The Security Rights are described as the institutional responsibility to uphold the physical integrity and protection against threats such as murder torture. Psychological threats are also included which I believe is a great and underestimated point since that is often the more detrimental kind of abuse. The concept of Psychological threats is very hard to apply internationally due to the fact that proof of harm becomes completely subjective. This subjective nature makes it hard to be universally applied. In terms of these states and societal groups not engaging in these ‘extra-juridical’ activities, I cannot say I fully agree. I believe that in certain circumstances where the Security Rights of one person who is has violated that of others, can and should be sacrificed to ensure the security rights of others. A common example would be the interrogation of a known suspect with information pertaining...
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...2.0 Defination Read phonetically Dictionary - View detailed dictionary Government Transformation Programme (GTP) is the blueprint in Malaysia and designed to provide all Malaysians access to improved public services irrespective of race, religion and region. GTP was devised in accordance with the principles of 1Malaysia, People First, Performance Now. 3.0 Objective 1. To transform the Government to be more effective in it delivery of services and accountable for outcomes that matter most to the rakyat. 2. To move Malaysia forward to become an advanced, united, and just society with high standards of living for all. This is in line with the national mission of achieving Vision 2020 – for Malaysia to become a fully developed nation. 4.0 Strategy Dato Seri Najib Tun Razak (Prime Minister of Malaysia) introduced a series of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) in order to measure and improve the efficiency and quality of government services as well as realizing the 1Malaysia concept. KPIs were implemented to ensure the public satisfaction which is they are satisfied or not about the government’s service and whether the government had solved their problems. Dato Seri Najib Tun Razak has identified six major policy areas in which KPIs will play an especially important role in improving the effectiveness of the Malaysian government. These are known as National Key Result Areas (NKRAs). Challenges within each area have been divided into...
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...Accounting * College * Economics * Foreign Languages * American Government * History * Literature * Management * Math * Sciences * Test Prep * Writing 13 What principles of the Belmont Report were violated in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study? The Tuskegee Syphilis Study was conducted from 1932 to 1972 around Tuskegee, Alabama. Six hundred poor — and mostly illiterate — African-American males, 400 of whom were infected with syphilis, were monitored for 40 years. Free medical examinations were given; however, subjects were not told about their diagnosis. Even though a cure (penicillin) became available in the 1950s, the study continued until 1972 with participants being denied proper treatment or given fake treatments and placebos, instead. In some cases, when subjects were diagnosed as having syphilis by other physicians, researchers intervened to prevent treatment. Many of the subjects died slow and painful deaths of syphilis during the study, which was stopped in 1973 by the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare only after its existence was publicized and became a political embarrassment. Congressional intervention eventually led to the publication of the Belmont Report in 1979, which is now required reading for everyone involved in human subject research. The Belmont Report identifies three basic ethical principles regarding all human subject research: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. ...
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...In what ways can culture affect ethical standards and shape business behavior? High ethical standards require both businesses and individuals to conform to sound moral principles. Business ethics comprises the principles and standards that guide behavior in the world of business. Culture does affect ethical standards and shape business behavior. For example, in America unethical standards in a business cause one in four to witness it in the last six months (LRN, 2009). This is because the Western world is very individualistic in their thought processes, so they become competitive, and will hurt anyone in the process to get to the top. Is it ethical to take part in corrupt international business transactions? Legal? Explain. Yes, culture can affect the ethical standards and shape business behavior in many ways. One of the ways are bribes, many business in other countries uses bribes to get what they want. This is how many of the countries get things done. On the other hand there are still many companies that don’t believe in bribes and think that it is unethical in business, and then they find it very difficult to continue their business in those countries. The reasons why many companies use bribes are because their government officials have very low salaries (Shaw, 2010). Lucrative positions are "sold “Further, “at different rates, it depends on the bribe. When companies take part in corrupt international business transactions, it does mean that it is ethical...
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...value, rank, or ability.” In this paper I will compare how different the meanings of equality sought after by both men were in, “The Declaration of Independence” by Thomas Jefferson and “Letter from Birmingham Jail” by Martin Luther King by identifying their different tactics, methods, and outcomes. Thomas Jefferson penned “The Declaration of Independence” with intent to demand equality. His tactics behind this writing was to require the British government to grant the colonies their independence without option. He ensured the British government, “that all political connection between them and the state of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full power to levy war.”(207). This measure of intent indicated that Jefferson was declaring the willingness of the colonies to fight for their beliefs of equality. The colonies wanted to be treated fairly. They wanted to be treated with fairness. The British government was preventing the people of the colonies from seeking basic instinctive rights. Jefferson wrote, “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”(205).It was an admittance that the people felt that specific freedoms were naturally expected by everyone. This was the meaning...
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