...Portfolio Task: Module 3 (546 Words) “Give a detailed description of the theory that explains how a muscle fibre shortens” Sliding-Filament Theory proposes that a muscle shortens or lengthens because the thick and thin myofilaments sliding past each other without filament lengths being affected. Thus, muscle, fibre, and myofibrils change lengths, but not myofilaments. Processes of muscle contraction: First Stage: The first stage is when the impulse gets to the unit. The impulse travels along the axon and enters the muslcle through the neuromuscular junction. This causes full two to regulate and calcium channels in the axon membrane to the open. Calcium ions come from extra cellular fluid and move into the axon terminal causing synaptic vessels to fuse with pre synaptic membranes. This causes the release of acetylcholine (a substance that works as a transmitter) within the synaptic cleft. As acetylcholine is released it defuses across the gap and attaches itself to the receptors along the sarcolemma and spreads along the muscle fiber. Second stage: The second stage is for the impulse spreads along the sarcolemma. The action potential spreads quickly along the sarcolemma once it has been generated. This action continues to move deep inside the muscle fiber down to the T tubules and the action potential triggers the release of calcium ions from the sacroplasmic reticulum. Third Stage: During the thrd stage calcium is released from the sacroplasmic reticulum and actin...
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... Q1. Describe normal anatomy/physiology of muscle contraction. Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle: A single skeletal muscle, such as the triceps muscle, is attached at its • Origin to a large area of bone; in this case, the humerus. • At its other end, the insertion, it tapers into a glistening white tendon which, in this case, it’s attached to the ulna, one of the bones of the lower arm. As the triceps contracts, the insertion are pulled toward the origin and the arm is straightened or extended at the elbow. Thus the triceps is an extensor. Because skeletal muscle exerts force only when it contracts, a second muscle a flexor is needed to flex or bend the joint. The biceps muscle is the flexor of the lower arm. Together, the biceps and triceps make up an antagonistic pair of muscles. Similar pairs, working antagonistically across other joints, provide for almost all the movement of the skeleton. The Muscle Fiber Skeletal muscle is made up of thousands of cylindrical muscle fibers often running all the way from origin to insertion. The fibers are bound together by connective tissue through which run blood vessels and nerves. Each muscle fibers contains: • An array of myofibrils that are stacked lengthwise and run the entire length of the fiber; • Mitochondria; • An extensive smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) • Many nuclei (thus each skeletal muscle fiber is a syncytium). The multiple nuclei arise from the fact that each...
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...II. Appendicular What are the components of the appendicular skeleton? The appendicular skeleton consists of the pectoral girdle plus limbs/fins and the pelvic girdle plus limbs/fins. The anterior limbs of tetrapods are organized: * Brachium – humerus * Antebrachium – radius and ulna * Carpus – carpals * Metacarpus – palm * Digits – phalanges The posterior limbs of tetrapods are organized: * Femur – femur * Crus – tibia and fibula * Tarus – tarsals * Metatarsus – instep * Digits – phalanges Which groups lack an appendicular skeleton? Apodans, snakes and some snake-like lizards do not have appendicular skeletal systems. Distinguish the structural patterns between shark fins and bony fishes lobe fins. Modern day shark fins are made up of two bars, the scapulocoracoid and puboischiac and have three enlarged pterygiophores, the metapterygium, mesopterygium. Towards the tip of the tail are the radicals and ceratotrichia. In bony lobed finned fishes the pectoral fin articulates with the scapulocoracoid, clavicle, cleithrum, postcleithrum, supracleithrum, and post temporal. What were the components of the pectoral girdle in early fishes and how has it changed in tetrapods? Specifically, what is the typical fate of the coracoids and clavicle in the tetrapod girdle? In early fishes, the pectoral girdle is made up of the cleithrum, clavicle, supracleithrum, and posttemporal. The clavicle is lost in bony fish and...
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...The skeletal system is made up of bones, associated cartilages, and joints of the human body. Together they form the human skeleton. The human skeleton is divided into two parts: the appendicular skeleton which consists of shoulders, arms/hands, pelvis legs/feet and the axial skeleton which consists of the skull, vertebrae, and rib cage. There are six functions the skeletal system preforms. The first function is support for the softer tissues and provides points of attachment for most skeletal muscles. The second function is mechanical protection for many internal organs, decreasing the risk of injury. For example: the cranial bones protect the brain. The third function is assisting in movement. When the muscles attached to the bone contract, they move the bone. The fourth function is storing several minerals and when needed the bone releases the minerals into the blood. Major minerals, like calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and sulfur, are found in our body in amounts larger than 5 grams. Trace minerals, like chromium, copper, fluoride, iodine, iron, manganese, selenium and zinc, are found in our body in amounts less than 5 grams. (Embar, 2005) The fifth function is the production of red and white blood cells and platelets. The sixth function is the storage of adipose cells which are an important source of chemical energy. While there are many skeletal diseases people develop at various times in life some require frequent doctor’s visits...
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...Review of Related Literature and Studies Joints and its Major Points Joint is located between two connected bones that allow a body part to move. A joint is made up of fibrous connective tissue and cartilage. Joints are also clustered based on their kind of motion: ball-and-socket joint; hinge joint; condyloid joint; pivot joint; gliding joint; and saddle joint. Joints can also move on four different ways: gliding; angular; circumduction; and rotation. (MedicineNet.com) Joints are found on different body parts and has different common joint name. As stated in ptdirect.com, Joints are located on the neck, intervertebral, shoulder, elbow, sacroiliac, hip, knee, and ankle. Noise made by Cracking Joints According to Dr. Campos (2007), from his article The Pop! :Explaining the Noise Behind A Chiropractic Adjustment. The popping sound of the joint is called cavitation. Releasing of gas creates sound. This process is found in synovial joints. The joints of the spine.Synovial joints produces synovial fluid. The fluid act as the lubricating product for easier movement and at the same time it also nourishes the joint. Gasses – oxygen, nitrogen and CO2 are the byproducts that are involved during the production of synovial fluid. When the joint is exposed or gapped the gas escapes and this produce a distinctive popping sound. Dr. Campos also compared it to a champagne bottle that releases gas bubbles when corked. He said that the joint will open allowing the synovial fluids to re-lubricate...
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...Introduction: ¬Periodontium accredit to the specialized tissues that surround and support the teeth, and maintains them in the maxillary and mandibular bones. Periodontium is the anatomic assemblage of tissue, investing and supporting the tooth. The word comes from the Greek terms peri-, means "around" and -odons, means "tooth."1 In actual sense it means that which is "around the tooth". It provides the abutment all-important to advance teeth in function. The capital functions of periodontium is it provides attachment of teeth to the bone and to one another, adjustment to the changes due to ageing and wear, defense against noxious substances in oral cavity, resistance towards masticatory forces. It consists of four arch apparatus namely: gingival, periodontal ligament, cementum, alveolar bone proper (Figure 1). Each of these apparatus is distinct in location, architecture, and biochemical properties which adapt during the life activity of the structure.1 In simple agreement “inflammation around the tooth” means periodontitis. It is a genuine gum infection that amends the soft and hard tissues that supports the tooth. Periodontitis is as-well accepted as Pyorrhea. Periodontitis involves accelerating loss of the alveolar bone around the teeth, and if left untreated, can lead to the loosening and subsequent loss of teeth. Oral cavity is full of bacteria. These bacterial forth with mucus and other particles along with poor oral hygiene leads to formation and accumulation of sticky...
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...BBE 517 - ERGONOMICS FOR CONSTRUCTION MAMAGEMENT CLASS ASSIGNMENT THE HUMANCAPABILITY AND LIMITATIONS IN LIFTING MATERIALS AT ACONSTRUCTION SITE 17TH NOVEMBER 2014 HUMAN LIFTING CAPABILITY AND LIMITATION ON CONSTRUCTION SITES 1.0 Introduction Ergonomics is the science and art of fitting the job to the workers. There are numerous activities that take place on site that enable realization of the structure being constructed. Generally construction involves the utilization of materials in undertaking the works. This will involve labour of the workers to put in place the materials as per the design are it mixing, lifting and placing them in place, installation, delivery and storage of the materials. Material handling can be by machines/equipment or directly by the workers themselves. Handling and storing materials involves many different activities such as hoisting, manually carrying bags or material and stacking supplies. Employees can be injured by improperly lifting materials (manually and by machine), falling objects and improperly stacked supplies. This paper concentrates on the human ability in the movement and placement of materials and other facilities as work progresses on site. An examination of activities on an active site have been undertaken to inform this paper on the practicability and applicability of researched theories relating to human lifting capability on site. The following sites have been examined and findings discussed later in this...
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...SCI- 201 Credit Hours: 4 Semester: Spring 2011 Office: Instructor: DR. Alfred Gaskin Phone: 617-427- 0060 Class Time and Location: Lecture: Wed. 6:00 – 8:45 Room 3-426 Lab: Mon .. 6:00 – 8:45 Room 3-403 Course Description: This course is designed to provide students with a basic understanding of the structure, function and disorders of the human body. Topics include an overview of the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems, as well as a discussion of tissues and special senses. A three- hour lab session is required each week. Prerequisites: SCI-103; SCI-104 Objectives: 1. To provide basic understanding and working knowledge of the human body. 2. To develop writing and critical thinking. 3. To become familiar with essential concepts including structure and functional level of organization and homeostasis. 4. To recognize the gross and microscopic anatomy of the tissues and organs and also demonstrate how different tissue types interact to create organs. 5. To develop observational skills and logical thought patterns. 6. To use anatomical terms...
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...FEBRUARY 27, 2008 Effect of Allograft Bone Processing on Structural Cortical Grafts: A Comparison of Three Proprietary Processing Methods Michael G. Dunn, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Director, Orthopaedic Research Laboratories UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School 1 Robert Wood Johnson Place, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 Summary The objective of this study was to determine the effect of three commercial bone cleaning processes on the bone remodeling characteristics of cortical bone. Cortical bone is useful for its load bearing properties. Cortical struts are typically used in applications where internal stabilization is desired. The cortical allografts serve as a stabilizing strut while undergoing bone remodeling by the mechanism of creeping substitution. The processing of cortical bone, intended to remove undesirable immunologically active elements, may also remove desirable elements (including endogenous growth factors) and affect the bone’s ability to undergo creeping substitution. Summary, continued Results of this study suggest that: • DBM prepared from MTF ATP cortical tissue was consistently osteoinductive in this model; 7 out of 7 ranked samples were osteoinductive (1 sample could not be ranked due to histological artifacts). The average bone score for the 7 ranked samples was 2.17 ± 0.82. • DBM prepared from RTI BioCleanse cortical tissue was not osteoinductive in this model; 7 out of 7 ranked samples were not osteoinductive...
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...| Chapter 8 Muscular System | |The Muscles: Each muscle is an organ, comprised of skeletal __muscle__ tissue, several ___connective____ tissue coverings, __nervous_ tissue to cause it | |to contract, and __blood___ to nourish it. | | Connective Tissue coverings: | |The muscle has several dense connective coverings. | |Layers of dense connective tissue, called __fascia___, surround and separate each muscle. | |This connective tissue extends beyond the ends of the muscle and gives rise to cord like | |__tendons___ that are fused to the periosteum of bones. | |Sometimes muscles are connected to each other by broad sheets of connective tissue called | |___aponeuroses___ ...
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...Malignant Hyperthermia Malignant Hyperthermia is primarily thought to be an autosomal dominant genetic disorder that causes a hypermetabolic state after administration of volatile anesthetics. When a patient is under anesthesia, the muscles are usually relaxed, but when a patient is experiencing Malignant Hyperthermia crisis, certain IV anesthesia causes the opposite effect. Most inhaled anesthetics other than nitrous oxide, cause or trigger Malignant Hyperthermia. More specifically, the anesthetic agents: Halothane, Chloroform, and Succinylcholine. The genic condition of Malignant Hyperthermia only becomes apparent when a patient is exposed to certain anesthetics such as halothane, which causes muscle rigidity. During the relaxed phase of muscle contraction, adenosine triphosphate and phosphate (ADP and Pi) are bound to the myosin S1 fragment, which is in a strained vertical position. Depolarization to the sarcoplasmic reticulum occurs followed by the depolarization of the triad region which initiates the release of calcium into the cytosol. This calcium then binds to troponin. A conformational change in the actin-tropomyosin interaction is induced by the troponin-calcium complex, which allows myosin to bind to actin. The binding allows the S1 to move to the unstrained position, causing muscle contraction. During this process, ADP and Pi are released. The muscle contraction results from the shortening of every sarcomere in every muscle fiber of the...
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...Intro to the Skeletal System. Chap 6: Bones are composed of several different tissues working together * osseous tissue * cartilage * dense connective tissue * epithelium * adipose tissue * nervouse tissue All of the bones and the cartilages, Functions: * supports soft tissues and provides attachment points for tendons of skeletal muscles * protects the most important internal organs * assists in movement by acting as levers for skeletal muscles * osseous tissue stores and releases minerals, particularly calcium and phosphorus * red marrow within bones produces blood cells * yellow marrow within bones stores triglycerides, a source of potential energy reserve Classification: -longbones -- greater length than width - short bones -- nearly equal in l & w - flat bones -- thin - irregular bones -- complex shapes - sesamoid bones -- shaped like a sesame seed Long bone anatomy: * -Regions of a long bone * Diaphysis (Shaft) * Medullay cavity (inside shaft) * 2 Epiphyses (proximal and distal) * 2 Metaphyses (join diaphysis and epiphysis with epiphyseal plate, or line once growth stops) * -Surface tissues * Endosteum * Periosteum * Articular cartilage * Osseous Tissue * -Extra cellular matrix of connective tissue * Water * Collagen fibers- gives property of flexibility and tensile strength * Crystallized mineral salts of hydroxyapatities – gives property...
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...Bone Fractures * A break in a bone Types of bone fractures 1. Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin 2. Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin * Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization - Realignment of the bone Repair of Bone Fractures * Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed * Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus * Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus * Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch The Axial Skeleton * Forms the longitudinal part of the body * Divided into three parts * Skull * Vertebral column * Bony thorax The Skull * Two sets of bones * Cranium * Facial bones * Bones are joined by sutures * Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint Paranasal Sinuses - Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity Functions of paranasal sinuses - Lighten the skull - Give resonance and amplification to voice The Hyoid Bone - The only bone that does not articulate with another bone - Serves as a moveable base for the tongue The Fetal Skull - The fetal skull is large compared to the infants total body length The Fetal Skull Fontanelles – fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones - Allow the brain to grow - Convert to bone within 24 months after birth The Vertebral Column - Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs - The...
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...1. Muscle spindles - Provide sensory information about changes in muscle length and tension of muscle fibres - They primarily respond to any stretch of a muscle and, through reflex response, initiate a stronger muscle action to reduce the stretch - Two sensory afferent fibres and one motor efferent fibre services the spindle 2. Golgi Tendon Organs - Golgi tendon organ connects up to 25 extrafusual fibres near the tendon’s junction to the muscle - Golgi tendon organs discharge impulses under two conditions: - 1: in response to tension created in the muscle when it shortens - 2: in response to tension when muscle is stretched passively - When stimulated the Golgi receptors conduct their signals rapidly into the spinal cord to elicit reflex inhibition of the muscles they supply - This occurs because of the overriding influence of the inhibitory spinal interneuron on the motor neurons supplying the muscle - GTO protect the muscle and its connective tissue from injury from excessive load The Stretch Reflex The functional significance of the muscle spindle lies in its ability to detect, respond to, and modulate changes in the length of the extrafusual muscle fibres. Postural muscles continuously receive neural input to maintain their readiness to respond to conscious movements. These muscles also require a continual degree of subconscious activity to adjust to the pull of gravity in upright posture. The stretch reflex provides a fundamental controlling mechanism without requiring...
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...Like skeletal muscle tissue, it is striated (the muscle fibers contain alternating light and dark bands (striations) that are perpendicular to the long axes of the fibers). Unlike skeletal muscle tissue, contraction is usually not under conscious control (involuntary). Smooth muscle tissue is located in the walls of hollow internal structures such as blood vessels, the stomach, intestines, and urinary bladder. Smooth muscle fibers are usually involuntary (not under conscious control), and they are nonstriated (smooth). Smooth muscle tissue, like skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue, can undergo hypertrophy . In addition, certain smooth muscle fibres, such as those in the uterus, retain their capacity for division and can grow by hyperplasia. Skeletal muscle tissue is named for its location - attached to bones. It is striated; the fibers (cells) contain alternating light and dark bands (striations) that are perpendicular to the long axes of the fibers. Skeletal muscle tissue can be made to contract or relax by conscious control (voluntary). The muscular system is responsible for all the movement in the human body. The muscles in the body are attached to bones (roughly 700 of them) this makes up around half of a persons body...
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