...There Exist Intelligent Life Forms on Other Planets Name Institutional Affiliation There Exist Intelligent Life Forms on Other Planets When it comes to reflecting on the state of the universe, the most prevalent question on people’s minds is, “Is there anyone else like us out there?” Even though scientists have been scrutinizing electromagnetic waves emanating from outer space for decades, and are still to find conclusive evidence of life on other planets, this does not resolve the issue. This universe is so vast; discovering other forms of life is akin to searching for the proverbial needle in a haystack. Nevertheless, there are persuasive reasons to believe that ultimately scientists will discover some, possibly even in this solar system. The intent of this paper, therefore, is to list reasons why some people believe that there exist other intelligent life forms in the Universe. Ever since scientists grasped the enormity of the universe, they have intuited that other intelligent life form must exist someplace, either in this galaxy or some other galaxy very far away (Peterson, 2000, p.92). If the universe is composed of billions of galaxies and if every galaxy holds billions of stars, and if just a tiny proportion of those stars contains Earth-like planets, then thousands- maybe even millions- of alien civilization must be present across the cosmos. Recently, telescope projects and deep-space satellites have identified...
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...Stephen Toulmin was an educator, philosopher, and author of high acclaim. He was interested in the analysis of moral reasoning. Considered his most significant work, the Toulmin Model of Argumentation, is a method of analysis used to break down the components of an argument, in order to study them individually and determine if they work together and form a cohesive case. The Toulmin model divides the argument into six parts; the claim, evidence, warrant, backing, rebuttal, and qualification. These six parts are meant to be used as a tool to assist in the formation of an outline for your argument, rather than method to develop an entire argument. The first three parts of the model stand together as the “meat” of your argument, and they...
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...Lemmon 1 Zach Lemmon Mrs. Bittle English 112 20 April 2014 Carry a Gun, Drink a Beer Drinking a beer while under the age of eighteen is a crime and is frowned upon by many but no one would say anything to a man drinking a beer in a military uniform or having a beer with their father. Many of our underage society have consumed alcohol one time or another before the legal drinking age of 21. Tosmarttostart.com states that “By age 18, more than 70 percent of teens have had at least one drink”. The government should lower the legal drinking age to eighteen to coincide with other similar laws pertaining to younger adults. The legal drinking age should be lowered to eighteen. If male or female join the military in our country and are legally able to hold a gun and defend our nation they should be able to legally consume alcohol before the age of twenty-one. Just as being allowed by the law to join the military and defend our nation and what we know, as freedom is a huge responsibility. Saying that, many of those young men or women that defend our freedom should be able to legally enjoy a beer or any consumption of alcohol when they feel the need. According to the 1984 National Minimum Drinking Age Act “States prohibit persons under 21 years of age from purchasing or publicly Lemmon 2 possessing or consuming alcoholic beverages”. Not being able to legally consume alcohol under the age of twenty-one, but can be employed to defend our freedom by the same government who makes...
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...The Toulmin Model was founded by Stephen Toulmin and is still widely used today. This model is used to help one understand the arguments they are trying to make and add validity to that argument. The model breaks the argument down into six parts as follows: claim, evidence, warrants, backing, counter arguments/rebuttal, and qualifiers. Each of these elements play a vital role when revealing the strengths and weaknesses of one's argument. Researchers have found that this method is used to come as close to the truth as possible. This model is not only used for analytical purposes, it is used for basic functional and organizational purposes as well. The benefits of applying this model when constructing arguments or analyzing arguments are...
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...Toulmin model assignment Now that you have a firm understanding of the Toulmin model and its various parts, you will now apply that information to the real world. You are to find an argument made in a newspaper or magazine editorial, and then analyze the argument via the Toulmin model. The article can be from an online newspaper or magazine, but blogs or normal webpages are not acceptable. Additionally, the article MUST be an editorial or op-ed piece – these are to be personal views that are making a specific argument about an issue. Beyond including a hard copy of your article, you will want to include the following: * Identify the parts present – analyzing the artifact, you will identify any and all parts of the Toulmin model that are present within the artifact. For each part, you will need to present three aspects: * Define the Toulmin part – define (briefly) what this part is (to demonstrate that you know what you’re supposed to be looking for). This should be in your own words – don’t just quote the readings. * Express the example – express what specifically, within the artifact, is representing this particular part of the Toulmin model. This should be a direct quotation from the article. Do NOT paraphrase this part. * Explain the selection – explain why this particular selection you have chosen is a representation of this particular part of the Toulmin model. How does it fit into this type? Why would this be an example of the part...
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...Extreme downpours have become more common. In the Arctic, ice and snow cover less area, and methane-rich permafrost soils are beginning to melt. Weather is getting weirder, with storms fueled by the additional heat. (Caldeira) The support was weak because he did not give any sources to back this up. I do not believe the author used the Toulmin method in this essay. I did not think the essay was argumentative at all. It was more of “facts” that were not backed up by any real sourced data. Furthermore, the author never really stated what he wanted people to do. He just gave information about climate change. Multiple pieces of the Toulmin method were missing. During week five, you created an argument using the Toulmin model. Have you used this style of argumentation before in your studies or career (either verbally or in past writing assignments/projects)? Will you use it in the future? Why or why...
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...that because of the stress and problems college athletes face, they should be paid; however, his argument is weak. Khan does not include a relative and effective rebuttal and...
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...Unit 4 Assignment Rachel Trujillo 27 April 27, 2016 Cm220 Unit 4 Assignment Worksheet In the Units 3 and 4 Discussions, you created a thesis statement that offered a solution to a problem in your community or workplace. In this unit’s Assignment, you will revise and evaluate the effectiveness of that thesis using the Toulmin Model. Part I: First of all, you will revise the provisional thesis statement that you generated in the previous unit Discussion. Make sure the thesis is concise (1–2 sentences) and includes two parts: a proposal for solving a problem and a reason that solution is needed. For more on creating effective persuasive thesis statements, review the following Writing Center resources: * “Give Your Paper Direction: Developing a Strong Thesis Statement” * “Writing a Thesis for a Persuasive Essay” ------------------------------------------------- Write your revised two-part thesis statement here, and be sure to include a claim + reason (the “because” or “since” clause): ------------------------------------------------- In order to provide soldiers with a more accurate and fair account of their body mass index the Army should discontinue use of the tape test and instead use a skinfold caliper, if a soldier does not pass the caliper they should be given the option to undergo the water displacement test wich is the golden standard for bmi testing: this will provide soldiers with a fair chance in passing their height and weight requirements. ...
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...Toulmin (1958, as cited in Connor, 1987) views the production of argumentative text as the cognitive-process of problem-solving. The goal of the writer is to convince and change the reader’s initial position to the final position that equals the position of the writer. The process of written argumentation typically consists of the following structural units: situation, problem, solution and evaluation. The situation introduces background material; the problem is a statement of undesirable condition of things, while the solution is a statement of the desirable condition and is often followed by an evaluation (Connor, According to Hatch (1992), a classical description of the structure of argumentative text consists...
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...An Analysis on the Speech Contestants’ Arguments in English Celebration Week Octaviyani Raharja 1213009001 Abstract Nowadays, many universities hold speech contest to facilitate their students in improving their communicative skills. Widya Mandala Catholic University, through English Department, holds a speech contest during the English Celebration Week event. As speech contest in common, students are required to conduct a good speech that deals with the topic given. Unfortunately, there are still some mistakes found that deal with the argument components and verbal fallacies. In figuring out a good speech, the contestants’ speeches are recorded and transcribed to be analyzed whether they have met the quality of a good speech which are: (1) includes all of the main components of argument and (2) fallacies free. Since the speech contestants are still in the first semester, they have limited knowledge on argument components and verbal fallacies. Therefore, the contestants sometimes miss the argument components and make no verbal fallacies in their speech. |Keywords: Argument, Fallacy, Verbal Fallacy, Speech, ECW Speech Contest | Introduction There are four language skills and two language components that are needed in learning foreign language, especially English. Among the four language skills, speaking has big roles in both language teaching and learning activity since it requires both communicative...
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...Writing about literature can be scary, especially when students are not equipped to fully understand the text and then write about it. Before any writing can be do, students first have to understand the text. That does not mean writing cannot take place prior to reading, and in fact, writing about elements in the text prior to reading may facilitate a better understanding. To prepare students to do such writing, teachers need to structure their classes in such a way that is conducive to maximizing learning. The first step is to understand writing meaningfully about literature can be difficult for young students because what is meant by meaningful is not always abundantly clear to them. One possibility that causes such confusion is that students may think what is deemed meaningful changes with the type of writing. But, for all types of writing, meaningful writing retains similar elements. Students need to know that writing meaningfully about literature includes their personal reactions and thoughts, but that it has to be supported by evidence, through their own analyses of the text or using scholarly analyses. Developing students to understand that writing meaningfully does include their own thoughts is difficult because students are hesitant to trust their own opinions as many teachers want students to arrive at the same conclusions about text they have. When students arrive at their own conclusions, teachers tell them they are wrong, leading students to distrust...
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...1. The six parts of the Toulmin model. 1) Claim, the main point or thesis for the argument. 2) Grounds: Evidence and reason for the argument. 3) Warrant: The motive and reasoning that associates the grounds with the claim. 4) Backing: gives support, evidence and data about the claim. 5) Rebuttal: Offers opposite opinions or opposing arguments to the claim. 6) Qualification: Clarifies the language of the argument and excludes words such as always and never. This gives the argument reasonable limits the audience can accept. 2. Synonyms for the claim include the proposition, the thesis, and conclusion. Synonyms for the warrant include assumption, cultural values and underlying logic. Synonyms for support include evidence, examples and explanations. More synonyms for these words are listed on page 121 of the book Perspectives on argument by Nancy V. Wood. 3. Subclaims are supporting arguments or specific issues that justify the main point of the argument. By themselves subclaims will not address the claim, they are merely supporting arguments. Specific support is more than just an argument, it is evidence that gives the claim and subclaim merit to the audience. 4. Warrants are views, values or beliefs held by a group or individual. When the arguer has similar warrants as the audience, the argument is accepted more often since they share these warrants. When the audience has opposing views or values, the arguer will have to provide more backing...
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...For this week forum, I chose "The Great Climate Experiment." I always have been fascinated by our climate and all the changes that we are currently facing. Climate changes are something that scientists have been studying for many years, and their theories are that we are a significant impact on our planet due to fossil fuels. These drastic changes in the climate created Category 5 Hurricane Maria in which my family got devastated by the passage of the hurricane over Puerto Rico 75 days ago. They still have no electrical power and the island will not be the same anymore. Looking into the article and conducting some research I did not come across that this article is peer-reviewed. When performing an advanced search in the APUS Library, the...
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...development and absorbing most influential thoughts that contributed to the approach in question throughout the centuries. The milestones of visual reasoning are highlighted, several examples of argumentation visualization tools are provided. Description of the today’s state of argumentation visualization method, known as CSAV, follows the historical reference. A short market overview is given further. An overlook of the main trends that define further development of CSAV and main points of criticism of the method conclude the work. Table of content History of argumentation visualization 4 Early precursors of argumentation visualization 5 Direct ancestors of argumentation visualization 6 Wigmore’s evidence chart 6 Toulmin’s graphical argument 8 Current state 9 Market overview 10 Challenges and trends 10 References 12 History of argumentation visualization Before we start, it would be appropriate to give a short definition of the concept in question. Argumentation visualization can be described as a set of methods used to represent complex systems of preconditions, reasons and conclusions via visual tools, such as...
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...Communicating Corporate Social Responsibility - A Discussion of the CSR Phenomenon and CSR Communication, With Empirical Focus on NOKIA Author: Martin Lykke Jacobsen (271128) Supervisor: Dorrit Bøilerehauge June 2006 MA in International Business Communication – International Marketing, Communication & Public Relations (Cand.ling.merc. – International Informationsmedarbejder) Faculty of Language and Business Communication, English Department, Aarhus School of Business Table of Contents 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2 Purpose ........................................................................................................................... 1 Theory and Method ......................................................................................................... 2 Delimitation .................................................................................................................... 4 Structure ......................................................................................................................... 6 Corporate Social Responsibility ........................................................................................... 8 2.1 Defining CSR................................................................................................................... 8 2.1.1 Corporate Citizenship ..................
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