...Can essential fatty acid supplementation play a role in the treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder? For submission 22nd April 2006 Dissertation, 3rd Year ION Contents Abstract 3 1.0 Introduction 4 1.1 Prevalence 4 1.2 Diagnosis 4 DSM-IV Checklist for Diagnosing ADHD 6 Figure 1. DSM-IV Checklist for Diagnosing ADHD 6 1.3 Associated Conditions 7 1.4 Prognosis 7 1.5 Aetiology 7 1.5.1 Genetics 8 1.5.2 Environmental Influences 8 1.5.3 Essential Fatty Acids 8 1.5.4 Food Sensitivities 9 1.5.5 Heavy Metal Toxicity 9 1.5.6 Nutrient deficiencies 9 1.5.7 Pregnancy/birth trauma 10 1.5.8 Hypoglycaemia 10 1.5.9 Digestive 10 1.5.10 Thyroid 11 1.6 Clinical Management 11 1.7 Understanding the Role of Essential Fatty Acids 12 1.7.1 What are Essential Fatty Acids? 12 Figure 2. Major Food Sources of Essential Fatty Acids 12 Figure 3. Omega-3 and Omega-6 metabolic pathways 13 1.7.2 Essential Fatty Acids and Brain Function 13 1.7.3 Physical Signs of Fatty Acid Deficiency 14 2.0 Literature Review 15 2.1 DHA Supplementation 15 2.2 Combined DHA, EPA, GLA Supplementation 18 2.3 Combined EPA, DHA, ALA Supplementation 19 2.4 ALA Supplementation 22 2.5 Summary of studies reviewed 23 Figure 4. Summary of Studies Reviewed 23 3.0 Discussion 24 3.1 Future Research 27 4.0 Conclusion 28 5.0 Nutritional Strategy 29 5.1 Benchmarking 29 5.2 Dietary Strategy 29 5.3 Lifestyle Strategy 29 5.4 General Supplement programme...
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...The Social Model of Disability By Grant Carson ISBN 9780114973490 © Scottish Accessible Information Forum (SAIF) 2009 You may copy all or part of this publication but please acknowledge the source. Feedback SAIF is very keen to get your views on this publication. = Email any comments you have to info@saifscotland.org.uk = Use the feedback form on our website www.saifscotland.org.uk = Write to us at the address at the back of this publication 1 Grant Carson Grant Carson is currently Manager of Housing and Employment Services in the Glasgow Centre for Inclusive Living (GCIL) and has worked there since 1995. Accessible Housing Solutions is a service which provides information, advice and advocacy to disabled people. Employment Solutions helps disabled people find work. Grant joined the Scottish Accessible Information Forum (SAIF) in 1997 and has contributed to a number of committees and publications. He is a non-executive director of Greater Glasgow and Clyde Health Board and also Chair of Margaret Blackwood Housing Association. Grant has been a disabled person since early childhood, and has extensive experience of disability equality training. 2 The Scottish Accessible Information Forum (SAIF) is funded by the Scottish Government to promote and provide guidance about making information accessible to disabled people. SAIF is made up of 21 people from disability-led organisations and information providers. It employs ...
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...1.0 INTRODUCTION Children exhibit differences from one another in terms of their physical attributes (e.g., some are shorter, some are stronger) and learning abilities (e.g., some learn quickly and are able to remember and use what they have learned in new situations; others need repeated practice and have difficulty maintaining and generalizing new knowledge and skills). The differences among most children are relatively small, enabling these children to benefit from the general education program. The physical attributes and/or learning abilities of some children, however—those called exceptional children—differ from the norm (either below or above) to such an extent that they require an individualized program of special education and related services to fully benefit from education. The term exceptional children according to Heward, W. L. (2006 ) includes children who experience difficulties in learning as well as those whose performance is so superior that modifications in curriculum and instruction are necessary to help them fulfill their potential. Thus, exceptional children is an inclusive term that refers to children with learning and/or behavior problems, children with physical disabilities or sensory impairments, and children who are intellectually gifted or have a special talent. Although the terms impairment, disability, and handicap are sometimes used interchangeably, they are not synonymous. Impairment refers to the loss or reduced function of a particular body...
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...atmosphere, before you and discuss complicated problems or give people information. The person who you are talking to needs to feel relaxed and comfortable to talk to you. You can help a person to feel relaxed by showing them you are friendly and a way to do this is to maybe say ‘good morning’ or even asking them how they are, make sure that you do this in a friendly tone of voice so that they will feel more comfortable than if you are shouting at them. One to one strengths and weaknesses the strengths of one to one is that you can see each other’s facial expressions. The weaknesses of one to one if that the person you are trying to talk to may not be comfortable therefore they may not want to talk. Participating in a group discussion if a bit like one to one but with more people. A group discussion only works if the people want to be involved. Some people who work in a group try and stay quiet as they are worried what the group’s reactions might be. It is important to maintain a good emotional atmosphere so that everyone in the group feels comfortable to talk. Sometimes there are team leaders but there doesn’t have to be. It is a good idea to have a team leader as they can encourage others to express their ideas. In group communication everybody must take it in turns so that everybody is heard, as if everybody talks at once no-one is going to listen. Group strengths and weaknesses the strengths of group are that people can work together better, if the group is in a circle all faces...
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...For office use only CANDIDATE NUMBER APPLICATION FOR AN ACADEMIC POST Application for the post of: Ref: Please complete this form in type or in black ink. If there is insufficient space for your information continue on a separate sheet of paper. YOUR DETAILS Surname: Forename(s): Title: Address: Postcode: Home Telephone: Work Telephone: Mobile: Email: When is the best time to contact you? REFERENCES Name, postal address, email address and position of three persons, including your existing or last employer, to whom reference may be made in support of your application concerning your professional ability and performance at work. Please indicate if we can take up references immediately. Refs 1. Name: Relationship No Address: Tel No: 2. Name: Email: Refs No Relationship Address: Tel No: 3. Name: Email: Refs No Relationship Address: Tel No: ACADEMIC APPLICATION Can we contact you at work? No Email: DECLARATION I confirm that the information provided is true and correct, and understand that providing false or misleading information will disqualify me from appointment, or if appointed, could lead to termination of appointment. Additionally, I understand that if I am applying for a post within the Brighton and Sussex Medical School (a joint venture between the Universities of Brighton and Sussex with the involvement of local NHS trusts) it may be necessary for the information I have supplied to be shared with these other organisations. Under the terms of the Data...
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...Search of AE Site | | | | | Why the Topic of Bioethics in Science Classes?A New Look at an Old Debateby Carolyn Csongradi The third part.To analysis the factors that can influences the decisions or choices been made in an organisationWe have to see two main factors that can affect between the employees’ relationEthical issue in the firm- employee relation ‘‘interpersonal deviance’’ is a behavior displayed between individuals in the workplace and involves behaviors such as: belittling others, playing pranks on others, acting rudely, arguing, and physical aggression (Henle et al., 2005).Employees are, in principles, managed by the human resources department- a term which already indicates a first problem from an ethical perspective. As it is, the term human resource management and its implications have been a subject of some debate in business ethics ( Hart 1993; Torrington 1993; Barrett 1999; GreenWood 2002 ). If we recall Kantian theory, the second maxim requires us to treat humanity ‘always as an end and never as a means only’. Human begins within the firm are, of course, a means to an end as they are employed to perform certain function. However from an ethical perspective, they should not be treated as ‘mean only’ and it is this restriction that makes all the difference in terms of business ethics. When looking at the gap between the rhetoric of HRM policies and the reality the distinctions becomes fairly visible.Human beings deserve respect, and on the other side...
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...care services and care workers to form excellent relationships and to work well together. It is very important to have good communitication between the two as it helps to form good relationships. People tend too communicate very effectively when they are feeling relaxed and are able to understand the other persons warmth and genuineness. Effective communication requires the care worker to have a range of communication techniques and skills. Here are some examples. Active listening: A person who uses active listening can pay close attention to what the other person is saying and notices their non-verbal messages. People who are good at active listening using skills such as minimalprompts. These includes nods of the head nd encouraging words like "Yes I see". These prompts encourages the person to keep speaking or to say a little...
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...is a disability and wrong to say that it is a mental disorder. However much people may think that autism appears to be a mental disorder, it is not. Autism occurs when there is a problem in the central nervous system. Autism is only a mental deficiency. Some autism victims clearly communicate and interact with the rest of the community while others need a lifetime of specialist support. It is a spectrum condition which means that while all people with autism share certain difficulties, their condition affect them in different ways. Autism victims experience over- or under-sensitivity to sounds, touch, tastes, smells, light or colors. People with autism are more likely than the general population to have accompanying problems such as dyslexia (difficulty with reading, spelling and/or writing), dyspraxia (severe difficulty with tasks requiring fine motor skills such as drawing or writing) and digestive problems. They are also vulnerable to developing mental health problems such as depression and anxiety. Causes of Autism Autism can be caused by a variety of physical factors all of which affect brain development. The abnormal blood vessels functioning in the body causes ineffectual oxidation throughout the nervous system and this causes autism. Genetics is another cause for autism. Evidence suggests that genetic factors generate some form of autism. Combination of genetics from previous generations has created an impact on the central nervous system as a random result of combined...
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...Turmoil Myth #8 Most People Experience a Midlife Crisis in | 8 Their 40s or Early 50s Myth #9 Old Age Is Typically Associated with Increased Dissatisfaction and Senility Myth #10 When Dying, People Pass through a Universal Series of Psychological Stages 3 A REMEMBRANCE OF THINGS PAST Myth #11 Human Memory Works like a Tape Recorder or Video Camera, and Accurate Events We’ve Experienced Myth #12 Hypnosis Is Useful for Retrieving Memories of Forgotten Events Myth #13 Individuals Commonly Repress the Memories of Traumatic Experiences Myth #14 Most People with Amnesia Forget All Details of Their Earlier Lives 4 TEACHING OLD DOGS NEW TRICKS Myth #15 Intelligence (IQ) Tests Are Biased against Certain Groups of People My th #16 If You’re Unsure of Your Answer When Taking a Test, It’s Best to Stick with Your Initial Hunch Myth #17 The Defining Feature of Dyslexia Is Reversing Letters Myth #18 Students Learn Best When Teaching Styles Are Matched to Their Learning Styles 5 ALTERED STATES Myth #19 Hypnosis Is a Unique “Trance” State that Differs in Kind from Wakefulness Myth #20 Researchers Have Demonstrated that Dreams Possess Symbolic Meaning Myth #21 People Can Learn Information, like New Languages, while Asleep Myth #22 During “Out-of-Body” Experiences, People’s Consciousness Leaves Their Bodies 6 I’VE GOT A FEELING Myth #23 The...
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...Firstly, it is important to consider the means of Communication. Communication is the means of conveying messages or information from one another to form a mutual share of understanding. In Prison Feltham, it is very important to consider the different types of effective communication as we all know that communication within this particular setting is a major important factor when dealing with many different inmates in order to achieve productivity, obedience, order and also to maintain healthy relationships with each other in the institute. Not only that but it is also important to note how communication is used and expressed in different situations and different people. For example, an inmate might be able to communicate differently towards a prison staff than to their own relative. If poor communication is present within the institute it may lead to a lack of motivation, not only to the prison staff but also to the inmates as well, then would lead to a decrease of productivity, trust and general organisation. In Prison Feltham it is essential for the prison staff to understand that there are different types of communication that may be presented in order to learn and manage how to deal with any type of future problems and situations; Verbal communication and Non-verbal communication. Firstly, the use of Verbal communication involves the use of spoken language, involving tone, pitch, pace… as well as the correct word pronunciation, grammar and fluency…all in which to convey...
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...WORKING WITH AND LEADING People ASSIGNMENT BRIEF The aim of this unit is to develop the skills and knowledge needed for working with and leading others, through understanding the importance of recruiting the right people for the job. So what is this thing of working with others to create something new? To create something which none of us could create on our own? To create something which is often more than the sum of the parts? Surely that’s what organizations do. But somehow I do not see many advertisements for leader of function, general leader, senior leader, corporate leader, leading director, chief executive leader, shop floor leader, finance leader. I do see advertisements for head of function, general manager, senior manager, corporate executive, managing director, chief executive officer, shop floor supervisor, and finance manager. Is it purely semantics? Just words, or is there a meaning behind the words? I think that there is meaning. And I think that there is a different meaning to leader and manager. And that there is a need for different types of leadership in different types of change. This means that there are actually fewer common threads in this chapter. So unlike other chapters, this assignment will separately address the different ways of leading the four main types of change. The aim of this unit is to develop the skills and knowledge needed for working with and leading others, through understanding the importance of recruiting the right people...
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...the laws of learning? What are the things that glue in our knowledge of the world? We are talking about the role of experience in shaping our lives. The rules of learning give us great adaptability. There are three basic types of learning. They are habituation, classical conditioning, and instrumental conditioning. Imagine a worm. When the tide is in, it comes out. It has extensions from its head, getting particles from the outside. So it comes out of its hole to snatch these particles. It has one fear though: seagulls. The worm is delicious to them. They see him and they eat him. The worm has a detection system wired in though. When there is a shadow, he ducks. It is a hard-wired reflex. Sometimes, however, shadows don’t mean a darn, like on a cloudy day. If it doesn’t come out because of the shadows, it will get nothing done and starve to death. Therefore, if the shadows are too frequent, it will ignore them. There is some risk, but there is the greater risk of starvation. There is a phenomenon of learning not to duck in. Habituation is not a good learning. It extinguishes rapidly from one day to the next. In 1907 was the first major experiment by Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. During the Cold War, he was the Russian’s hero. We had our own hero, Edward Thorndike. However, we are over that period now....
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...Effective communication in a health and a social care environment requires a lot of abilities that help you to achieve a good conversation with whoever you’re interacting with. It is important that you recognise and respond suitably to the type of situation you are in. Alternative communication: In health and social care we use a lot of different types of communication an individual needs to use in order to meet the needs of their service user, it is important that the people know these types of communication and know how to understand them because in health and social care settings there are different types of individuals who need particular things to support them. In this booklet I will explain the different types of communication and why we need them to communicate in a certain way. Spoken/oral We use spoken/oral language in order to get our purpose across to people; we tend to usually do this thorough face to face communication however this can also be done on the phone. It is done one to one, or in teams. we have a tendency to communicate orally in order to assist individuals understand better as a result of speaking to them you'll be able to realise how they're feeling simply by paying attention to their tone of voice, facial features or visual communication, it's effective to grasp this because it provides the person a much better understanding. Spoken language may be a quicker and easier way...
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...Principles of Learning and Teaching STUDENTS AS LEARNERS – 35% THEORISTS LEV VYGOTSKY http://facultyweb.cortland.edu/andersmd/VYG/ VYG.HTML JEROME BRUNER http://tip.psychology.org/bruner.ht ml JOHN DEWEY http://www.infed.org/thinkers/e t-dewey.htm Importance of CULTURE humans use of tools and symbols to learn – culture dictates what we learn and how • Higher and Lower mental functions – elementary (or lower) functions gradually transform to HMF through culture • Central ROLE OF LANGUAGE: Language is made possible because of our culture (tools and symbols). The learning of language (or signs) is brought about by social processes, and language or signs ultimately make thought possible. Three stages in the development of speech a. Social speech – speech to control the behavior of others b. Egocentric speech – three to seven year olds – talking to themselves to learn c. Inner speech – soundless speech – thinking in our head • ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT: The discrepancy between a child's mental age [indicated by the static test] and the level he reaches in solving problems with assistance is the zone of his proximal development. _________________________________ ABRAHAM MASLOW http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/m aslow.html HEIRARCY OF NEEDS • Physiological needs • Safety needs • Belonging needs • Esteem needs • Self-actualization • Principles: learning is an active process in which learners construct new ideas or concepts based upon their current/past knowledge – DISCOVERY...
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...CHAPTER 3 SELECTING AND USING ASSESSMENTS Introduction This chapter will address three issues: (a) the institutional assessment needs of workforce development organizations, (b) the assessment needs of individual youth to help make informed choices about their careers, and (c) the practical needs of practitioners for information about how to select and use different assessment tools. At the end of this chapter, Exhibit 3.1 contains information that can be used to help with the selection and use of assessments, including a directory of commonly used published tests. Meeting Institutional Assessment Needs Agencies and organizations in the workforce system use assessments to meet institutional needs in two ways-to determine a youth's eligibility for services and to document achievement of program goals by assessing the progress of program participants. The number of participants served and achievement of program goals can impact the amount of funding an organization receives. Funding for the youth programs considered in this guide may come from the Department of Education, the Department of Labor, other federal agencies, states, local governmental agencies, or a combination of these. Table 1.2 in Chapter 1 summarizes the eligibility and assessment requirements of IDEA, WIA Title I, and the Rehabilitation Act. More specific information on assessments mandated or permitted by several federal funding sources may be found in Appendix A. (Mandated assessments are...
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