...Literature on forced migration often focuses on asylum seekers and refugees, but there are other groups of displaced persons. This paper will look at trafficked people, particularly on Korean comfort women during the Imperial Japan times, from the years 1931 to 1945. Comfort women are females who were forced into sexual slavery during the Sino-Japanese War and World War II, to provide sexual services to the Japanese Imperial Army troops so to improve the morale of Japanese soldiers (Lynch, 2009). The focus is placed on Korean comfort women as 80% of comfort women in Japan are Koreans (Soh, 1996). It was estimated that 160,000 Korean women were coerced into sexual slavery (Lee & Crowe, 2015). This research aims to investigate the impacts of forced migration on the lives of Korean comfort women. This paper postulates that the impacts of forced migration on the lives of Korean comfort women spans across three areas. Physically, Korean comfort women suffer from violence and injuries, sexually-transmitted diseases, as well as infertility. Mentally, they suffer from severe mental distress and lifelong trauma. Lastly, from the social aspect, Korean...
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...Research Proposal (Ⅰ) Proposed Title (Ⅱ) Introduction (Ⅲ) Brief Literature Review ·Political, Economic and EMJOS ·Cross-cultural and EMJOS ·Gender and EMJOS (Ⅳ)Methodology ·Pilot and Measurement ·Questionnaires ·Individual Interviews ·Comparative Analysis ·Statistic Analysis (Ⅴ)Proposal Research Time-Table (Ⅵ)References (Ⅶ)Appendix (Ⅰ) Proposed Title The Discussion of Education Migration in Metropolises—Based on Japanese Overseas Students (Ⅱ) Introduction The problem of Education Migration has been becoming an international tendency globally in recent years, especially the Japanese Overseas Students (JOS), particularly in metropolises (this research includes three metropolises: Tianjin, Shanghai and Hong Kong). According to current official statistics, the number of Japanese Overseas Students with a bachelor’s degree at above studying in Tianjin (TJ) accounted for 1,906, 1,681, and 1,971 respectively in 2010, 2011, and 2012, dramatically doubling that of a decade ago. As a result of the above situations, I could not help coming up with the questions like why they are primarily female students and what education migration of Japanese Overseas Students (EMJOS) could bring to the political, economic and cross-cultural aspects of TJ society as well as what attitude we should harbour towards this trend (Appendix 1). I will compare EMJOS with two other metropolises in order to make...
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...this paper is to offer a perspective to further the understanding of gender entrepreneurship. This paper considers the situatedness of the gendered entrepreneur within diverse international contexts marked by different constitutions of gender identities and networks of power, both within the context of contributions within this special issue but also more broadly within the field of gender and entrepreneurship research. Design/methodology/approach – The authors adopt a feminist perspective and analyse the different framings of identity within gender and entrepreneurship literature and their contributions to our understandings of the concepts of both power and gendered identities. Findings – The paper finds that power and identity are configured in different contexts in ways that open arenas for future analysis. Originality/value – The paper highlights the importance of considering masculinities within gender and entrepreneurship research offering support for further analyses of entrepreneurial masculinities by examining two studies that expose entrepreneurial masculinities as shifting subjectivities influenced by men’s social power, but also by interactions between men and women and broader cultural contexts and transitions. In so doing, it contributes to the research agenda in relation to gender and entrepreneurship in different contexts. Keywords Gender, Entrepreneurialism, Women entrepreneurs, Masculinities, Identity, Power, Research work, Feminism Paper type Research paper...
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...the GDP of many nations. They penetrate more than 180 nations of the world. Their purpose is to come out with the branded products and services of superior quality and value that improve the lives of the world’s consumer. In return, the consumer will reward the P&G with leadership sales, profit and value creation (P&G, 2011). SK-II is a one of the Procter & Gamble Beauty brand. This product has been launched in Japan market since 1980. SK-II can be considered as the one of the most expensive beauty brands in the world until today. SK-II history started at 30 years ago, when a scientist in Japan noticed that old women who working in a Japanese Sake brewery have very soft and youthful hands accidentally. The scientist was curious with that incident. So, they started conducting a research to find out the answer (Wikipedia, 2011). During that research, the scientist used 5...
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...Executive Summary Europe: The aging trend in Europe is in most place they are growing older. According to the European Commission (2012) “while the population of Europe will be slightly higher in 2060 (517 million, up from 502 million in 2010), the population will be much older. While longer lives are indeed a great achievement the aging of the population also poses significant challenges for the economies”. The share of those aged 15-64 is projected to decline from 67% to 56% while those aged 65 and over is projected to rise from 17% to 30%. This will cause Europe to go from have four people of working age to each aged over 65 to a mere two people of working age (European Commission, 2012). ● “The total number of workers is projected to decline by 15.7 million over the forecast horizon to 195.6 million in 2060. ● The decline in the workforce will act as a drag on growth and per capita income, with a consequent trend decline in potential growth. The latter is estimated to converge to below 1,5% in real terms in the long-term in the EU. Moreover, the demographic changes are expected to have substantial consequences on public finances in the EU. ● On the basis of current policies, age-related public expenditures (pensions, health-care and long-term care) are projected to increase by 4.1 percentage points to around to around 29% of GDP between 2010 and 2060”. The economics of depopulation are dark. At full employment, the real GDP has a good chance of declining...
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...Zihua Wu 11237004 GenEd 110 section 01 Final Paper Impact of Invasion and Migration by Japan on the Chinese Society Introduction The Sino-Japanese Wars were the largest wars in the Asian battlefield during the World War II. The Sino-Japanese Wars were conflicts between China and Japan in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. There were two Sino-Japanese Wars: the first one lasted from July 1894 to April 1895; the Second one, which was known in China as the war of resistance against Japan, lasted from the outbreak of the fighting on 7 July 1937 to 14 August 1945—although recent Chinese historiography tends to date the war from the Japanese occupation of Manchuria in 1931. Both wars were crucial in the formation and ultimate defeat of Japanese imperial expansion in East Asia and in the development of a sense of Chinese nationalism. Although the Sino-Japanese Wars were end in 1945 with the victory of China, it made up more than 50% of the casualties in the Pacific War if the 1937–1941 periods are taken into account. The impacts of invasion and migration by Japan on Chinese society are various. This essay will present these impacts on three aspects, which are politics, economy and culture. The Impacts on the Chinese Politics During the invasion and migration of Japan, Sino-Japanese War broke the confrontation between pre-war China's major political parties and other parties. As the Japanese attempt to monopolize China and launch a comprehensive war against China...
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...Geisha “Gei” means arts or performances, and “sha” means people of Japanese. When we think of geisha’s what comes to mind are women dressed in bright clothing culture clothing, white painted faces and a dainty walk. What we don’t consider is the lack of emotion, strict code of silence and secrecy. Geisha, just like prostitutes are trained to have a strict code of silence and protectiveness toward their clients. Elderly geisha could be considered Madams, who provided training to new recruits. Over the centuries, elderly geisha have also developed a deeply routed tradition of secrecy. Elderly women behind the mask have fulfilled a destiny rooted in Japanese history. Although associated with prostitution, many modern day women continue to seek this tradition. My research however, revealed contradictory information on whether or not geisha were actually prostitutes. The majority of my research material stated geisha actually started as men jesters and musicians who entertained in brothels. This continued until 1751 when the first document record of female geisha appeared. Most documented material on geisha treated them as images of lovely passive girls whose purpose was solely in male entertainment and pleasure or as prostitutes or courtesans. During the time period of 1751 it was not uncommon for actors to double as prostitutes. It was also not uncommon for Meiji government officials to select geisha for their wives. It is still said that geisha inhabit a separate...
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...Anime addiction and Its Influence to the Lifestyle of High School students of St. Mary’s College of Tagum _________________________ A Research Presented to ______________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in English IV By Acknowledgement This research paper would not be exist without the Help of our parents, who give us advice when we need them, Who inspires to work this research paper, they were a great source of support and encouragement. To Mrs. Dinah L. Mission who gives us this project to experience how to make a research paper and give us an idea to make this research paper complete. To all of our friends who give us support and to share their ideas to this research paper. To our God w Dedication This research paper is to the people who help us Table of Contents Title Page i Table of Contents ii Chapter 1 What is anime? Why is Anime Addicting? Does watching anime affect our personality? What can and can’t we learn from watching anime? How can anime influence us? What is anime? According to Dictionary.com “a Japanese style of motion-picture animation, characterized by highly stylized, colorful art, futuristic settings, Violence and, sexuality.” According to anime otaku (obsessed of anime) “essential...
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...Shohruh Aminov (L0366NINI1012) 2013 Table of Contents Executive summary 3 Introduction 3 Company overview 3 Critical Analysis 4 Diversity at workplace 4 Diversity dimensions 5 Diversity issues 5 Diversity advantages 6 Managing diversity 7 Diversity in Toyota 8 Conclusion 8 Recommendations 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 ------------------------------------------------- Executive summary This paper will evaluate diversity in Toyota company in 21st century. Referring to a various theories in diversity it creates understanding around diversification at workplace and will analyse whether diversity assists to achieve company’s goals and objectives. The report pounders about increasing self-awareness in terms of personal perspectives of diversity issues. It recommends set of suggestion to enhance skills to solve problems related to diversity dilemmas. Main recommendation of the paper is to bring different nationalities to the board of directors of the company, because in long term the company may face disadvantages of having only Japanese nationality at corporate governance. ------------------------------------------------- Introduction Diversity itself is not a new phenomenon; it has been part of the society for many centuries, however in 21st century it has become more and more crucial. Either diversity is against politics or economics, it becomes an issue which needs to be measured, controlled and managed. The most well-known and historical dimensions...
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...Modernistic Views of the Nanjing Atrocity Introduction “Japanese people do not say something appropriate. When Iris Chang published her book ‘The Rape of Nanjing’ in 1997, an American ambassador gave explanation that Japanese is deeply repentant for accepting that they killed hundreds of thousands Chinese people. Did the Japanese representative really mean to take all criticisms without anything to say? Not only the representative of Japan but also we, the Japanese people, have a problem about explaining historical facts in foreign language especially in English. There are the facts, which are not yet lifting the veil in Japanese historical records. We should provide and send those in English translation.” Hiromichi Moteki, the Deputy Chairman for Society for the Dissemination of Historical Fact, has given a speech of the Nanjing Massacre history that it should be reexamined and proved there is no evidence that Japanese Imperial army killed 300,000 Nanjing people. Not only Moteki is trying to broaden the historical facts, but also many Japanese historical researchers delve into the matter. Even though Nazi Germany, where there were dreadful massacres during World War II and Millions of people were approached unwilling dead by hunger, heavy laboring, poison gas, human experimentations by soldiers and doctors, they are reexamining own responsibilities and investigates the atrocities without regard for any limitation. Unlike Germany under the Nazi political power, Nanjing incident...
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...workforce shortages – a function of low birth rates and an aging population – increase the need to address gender issues in organizations. Throughout the past four decades, the number of female workers in Japan has been growing, although full-time female participation in the Japanese workforce remains below the levels of some other industrialized nations. Despite the growing importance that the Japanese female labor force is expected to play, relatively little is known about women’s attitudes toward work motivation in Japan. Using a twofactor, Herzberg intrinsic/extrinsic approach to motivation, we examine the applicability of such a model in Japan, and compare the attitudes of female and male workers, as well as management and non-management. Our findings include: (1) support for the applicability of a Herzberg, two-factor model in Japan; (2) Japanese men in the workforce tending to value intrinsic motivators more than extrinsic factors; (3) female workers in Japan rating extrinsic factors higher than their male counterparts; and (4) managers’ opinions of what motivates employees not constituting a refined match to those of female employees, especially with respect to extrinsic motivation. In multi-gender Japanese organizations, management will potentially benefit from a better understanding and functional integration of important gender nuances into their motivation strategies. Keywords: gender;...
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...Running head: GLOBAL BUSINESS CULTURAL ANALYSIS: JAPAN Global Business Cultural Analysis: Japan Albert G. Rodriguez Liberty University Abstract Japan is very similar and very unlike the US. It was amazing to research so many different aspects of one country. The major elements of this country are its culture and how these affect the country itself. How the people process these elements is very important and this is how the Japanese culture develops. From here we move on to see how this compares to US. We look to see how the US compares in their culture when brought next to Japan. Finally we will see how the US manager can be an international manager in Japan. This is mainly done through sensitivity to the other’s culture. This sometimes includes changing the way we act, and other times it is being sensitive to the other culture that is before us. Global Business Cultural Analysis: Japan Japan is an island cluster off the coasts of Russia, South Korea, and China. It is specifically located to the east of the Sea of Japan. It is composed of four major islands and over six-thousand minor ones. The four major islands are: Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu. It has thousands of shrines, national parks and even imperial palaces. The country of Japan is often called the Land of the Rising Sun. It has one of the largest populations in the world by country despite being such a small country. It has the highest life expectancy in the world (83.10). The islands are also...
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...LANGUAGE AND GENDER 1. Introduction Women speak because they wish to speak, whereas a man speaks only when driven to speech by something outside himself--like, for instance, he can't find any clean socks. (Jean Kerr) Do men and women speak differently? Can Language be sexist? Is there vocabulary that is more typical for women than for men? My term paper shall try to answer those questions, look at typical forms of language use in relation to gender and I will aim to find possible reasons that explain a gender-based difference. But first it is important to explain why in sociolinguistics the term gender is used rather than sex. While sex refers to biological characteristics, gender is “a social category that is connected to the roles of women and men in society” (Becker & Bieswanger 2010: 185). My term paper will start with some general definitions about gender and language like gender-exclusive speech difference, gender-preferential speech features and gender and class. I will focus especially on women´s linguistic behaviour and answer questions like “Do women talk more than men?”. I will try to find explanations for a different linguistic behaviour. After focusing on explanations for a possible different use of language I will finally give features of women´s language that will make differences obvious. At the end of my paper I will also try to explain what is meant by a “sexism in language” and whether or not English is a sexist language and what could be done...
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...evolving standards. And as many macro-corporations have been dismayed to discover, penetrating this market can be painstakingly difficult, impossible without first fully understanding the landscape and trends of its culture, as well as its social implications. The business practices of the Japanese are the offshoot of the culture. In Japan, when individuals join a firm they become part of the firm's family or community. Therefore, he is expected to become the embodiment of the spirit of the company. The employee dresses in corporate uniform and participates in group activities. A lot of the time life employment is the result, the loyalty of the employee is assured, and the firm becomes a stronger unit. The concern for the business as a whole is seen in the practice of consensus decision-making. The decisions made by the group are better than a decision made by a single person. A closer examination of decision making will show us many things about the function and conception of authority in Japan. If we take one of the papers that are constantly crossing an executive's desk we find that it has received several seal impressions. These seal impressions are a record of the journey of this paper from section to section. "This circulation of...
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...I have chosen to centre it around a particular event which I accredit with being a signifiant turning point in both the modernity of Japan and Tanizaki’s literary response to it. Namely, this was the Great Kanto earthquake of 1923, which destroyed large swathes of Tokyo and thus removed many ‘traditional’ traces of its Edo past, propelling it further into the modern world. The idea in itself is credit to various papers which gave specific mention to the earthquake as being almost symbolic of a shift in Tanizaki’s representation (for example, Edward G. Seidensticker’s reference in the preface to ‘Some Prefer Nettles’), and to a greater extent symbolic of the end of a time in Japan where remnants of the past existed in an authentic cohesion with their modern surroundings. The piece’s structural focus on the traumatic force of the earthquake was prompted by a reading of the post-modern 1967 ‘Semiology and Urbanism’ by Roland Baths, which theorises that, ‘we speak our city, the city where we are, simply by living in it’. Thus the earthquake becomes symbolic of a larger break in the balance of tensions enmeshed in the phenomena of...
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