...Year Eleven Chemistry Rust prevention in coating. Introduction/Abstract. The context of ships rusting at sea. Steel has many properties that make it a useful and essential building material in boats. Its strength and durability make it a great choice for structures exposed to high amounts of stress, such as weather, heat, large amounts of applied force and constant usage and is also a viable option for the sea although it can still be bettered. Steel is better protected by; galvanisation, waterproof paint or a sacrificial anode to better the corrosion protection for boats in the water compared to just bare steel framework (Corrosion methods, Corrosion-doctors.com;) these methods in theory protect the steel from the chlorides and salts to further the durability and life of the framework of a boat and hence allow them to endure more, and with corrosion costing $2.7 billion to just ships alone it’s easy to see why corrosion must be prevented. (The cost to the world because of corrosion with ships at $2.7 billion.) The chemistry of rust. Rust is caused by a few factors; moisture is the leading cause of rust along with water and salt, all making boats the most common victims of rust. (4 Fe+ 3O2 + 6 H2O= 4 Fe(OH)3,) Both water and oxygen must be present for rust to start and with water and oxygen on its own enough for rust to start destroying the structure of a boat, but along with salt to the water, it’ll become evident quickly that rust can be a big problem for many boat...
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...seat craving another hour. True Detective is based on two investigators, one of them is a typical overconfident investigator, Woody Harrleson, and the other is an intellectual, nihilistic man, Matthew McConaughey. This series alternates between 1995, when detectives Martin Hart (Harrelson) and Rust Cohle (McConaughey) start working a case together, and 2012, when the two detectives work a new case that has strong similarities to the case in 1995. State internal affairs detectives are interviewing both men separately and believe that Rust may have committed the old crime, new crime or both. Rust and Marty investigate a ritualistic murder in rural Louisiana. As they attempt to uncover leads in this disturbing case, their own lives intersect in fascinating, yet explosive ways. Though the investigation itself is interesting, the interpersonal behavior of the obsessive and frequently conflicting lead characters makes this drama seem so much fresher than all other criminal television series. The structure in this series is unique. In 2012, two detectives are interviewed about a case that occurred in 1995. This series is primarily set in 1995, but has several scenes in 2012. We get to watch Rust and Marty at the beginning of their journey and at their rock bottom. This is a drama that began with its ending in mind. This series is in no rush, so it is able to go at a...
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...____________ [Chemistry 3] Experiment No 3.1 CORROSION K. M. U. AMANDORON, R. N. T. COLANAG, E. J. G. MERIN, F. T. OPADA, R. J. C. PARBA IV-Photon Philippine Science High School - Central Visayas Campus Talaytay, Argao, Cebu, Philippines Date performed: December _, 2013 Date submitted: January 6, 2013 ABSTRACT Corrosion is a process through which metals in manufactured states return to their natural oxidation states, a reduction-oxidation reaction in which the metal is being oxidized by its surroundings, often the oxygen in air [1]. The first part of the experiment involved the products of rusting. Certain amounts of 3% NaCl, 10% K3Fe(CN)6 and phenolphthalein were combined. A piece of paper was soaked in this mixture. 2 nails (one straight, one bent) were wrapped in the damp paper allowing space in between, then left for 10mins. After which, colors formed in the paper napkins were observed. The second part was the bimetallic corrosion. 2 iron nails were cleaned using sand paper. In one nail, copper wire was coiled around its tip. On the other, a zinc granule was attached to its tip. Another paper was soaked in the same mixture in which the nails were wrapped separately and were left for 10mins. The papers were opened and sites where pink and blue colors formed were examined. The results didn’t absolutely correspond to the objectives of this experiment due to the errors on the materials used; however, it was inferred that during the process...
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...Mia Katola Chemistry Mr. C By Mia Katola Chemistry Mr. C By Air and water Air and water questions Are Core and Extended. Contents Page Questionnumber | Core: | Page Number | 1 | Describe chemical tests for water using cobalt (2) chloride and copper (2) sulfate | Describe methods of rust prevention, specially paint and other coatings to exclude oxygen | | 2 | Describe, in outline the treatment of the water supply in terms of filtration and chlorination. | Describe the need for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium containing fertilizers | | 3 | Name some of the uses of water in the home | Describe the displacement of ammonia from its salts | | 4 | Describe the composition of clean water as being approximately 79% nitrogen, 20% oxygen and the remainder as being a mixture of noble gasses, water vapor and carbon dioxide. | State that carbon dioxide and methane are greenhouse gases and may contribute to climate change | | 5 | Name the common pollutants in the air as being carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen and lead compounds | Describe the formation of carbon dioxide | | 6 | State the source of each of these pollutanatsCarbon monoxideSulfer dioxideOxides of nitrogen from car exhausts | State the sources of methane, including decomposition of vegetation and waste gases from digestion in animals | | 7 | State the adverse effect of common pollutanats on buildings and on health | Describe sacrificial protection in terms of the reactive...
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...| Ph of Household Chemicals | Formal Lab Report | Chemistry 1000 | | Fall 2014 | | Purpose: To determine the pH level of common household products and to determine whether they are an acid or a base using red cabbage as a pH indicator that will change colors according to the acidity levels. Hypothesis: I believe that most of the cleaning chemicals will be acidic and most of the food/edible items will be neutral. I am also predicting that personal hygiene items are also neutral due to the fact that they are put on your body. Scientific Background: “Chemists have a scaled called the pH scale that is based on hydrogen ion concentration to express the acidity or basicity of solutions. The pH scale is a logarithmic scale; a change of 1 pH unit corresponds to a tenfold change in H3O+ concentration. Each change of 1 in pH scale corresponds to a change of 10 in [H3O+].”(Tro, 2015). Acids are substances that can donate a hydrogen ion in water; bases are substances that can accept a hydrogen ion or produce hydroxide ion in water. The amount of hydrogen ion donated or accepted determines the strength of the acid or base. Variables: The independent variable would be the substances being tested. The dependent variable would be the pH of each substance. The control variables are the temperature, the volume of the pH indicator and the pH indicator itself. Materials and Equipment Bleach Window Cleaner Fruit Juice Milk A bathroom cleaner Shampoo Hand soap ...
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...most abundant element by mass. The other major elements are sulfur and nickel. While iron is ingrained in most minerals, the primary iron is haematite. Nonetheless, iron is found engrained in other minerals such as taconite (Royal Society of Chemistry). Iron is produced commercially by heating the iron ores with carbon and limestone. The initial process results in an intermediate known as pig iron. Pig iron contains approximately 3% of carbon and other contaminants. It is utilized in the production of steel. The annual production of crude steel approximately about 1.3 billion tons (Royal Society of Chemistry). Pure iron crystals have a very soft texture. In order to enhance its strength, iron is either mixed with impurities such as carbon, or it is complexed with other metals as is...
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...Exercise 12: Some Investigations on Corrosion of Iron I. Introduction Corrosion can be defined as the degradation of a material due to a reaction with its environment. Although this definition is applicable to any type of material, it is usually reserved for metallic alloys, in which the oxidation process M → M+ + e– is facilitated by the presence of suitable electron acceptor. The chemical reactions that take place in corrosion processes are reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions. Such reactions require a species of material that is oxidized (the metal), and another that is reduced (the oxidizing agent). In oxidation, the metal loses electrons. The zone in which this happens is known as the anode. In the reduction reaction, the oxidizing agent gains the electrons that have been shed by the metal, and the zone in which this happens is known as the cathode. (Brown, 2000) The presence of water is necessary in order to transport ions to and from the metal, but a thin film of adsorbed moisture can be sufficient. A corrosion system can be regarded as a short-circuited electrochemical cell in which the anodic process is something like Fe(s) → Fe2+(aq) + 2 e– and the cathodic steps can be any of O2 + 2 H2O + 4e– → 4 OH– H+ + e– → ½ H2(g) M2+ + 2e– → M(s) where M is a metal. (Brown, 2000) Which parts of the metal serve as anodes and cathodes can depend on many factors. In this report, the effects of the following factors on the corrosion of...
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...2014 / Published: 8 August 2014 Abstract: An innovative prototype sensor containing A36 carbon steel as a capacitor was explored to monitor early-stage corrosion. The sensor detected the changes of the surface- rather than the bulk- property and morphology of A36 during corrosion. Thus it was more sensitive than the conventional electrical resistance corrosion sensors. After being soaked in an aerated 0.2 M NaCl solution, the sensor’s normalized electrical resistance (R/R0) decreased continuously from 1.0 to 0.74 with the extent of corrosion. Meanwhile, the sensor’s normalized capacitance (C/C0) increased continuously from 1.0 to 1.46. X-ray diffraction result indicates that the iron rust on A36 had crystals of lepidocrocite and magnetite. Keywords: carbon steel; chloride; X-ray diffraction; rust; corrosion monitoring Materials 2014, 7 1. Introduction...
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...Chapter 1: Matter and Energy Spring 2013 Topics 2 Chapter 1 Topics Matter and its Classification Physical and Chemical Changes and Properties of Matter Energy and Energy Changes (skip) Scientific Inquiry Chapter 1 Math Toolboxes Scientific Notation (exponential notation) Significant Figures Units and Conversions Chem 100 Spring 2014 Classification of Matter Chemistry is a branch of physical science, concerned with the study of the composition, properties and behavior of matter. Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. Forms of energy are NOT matter. Heat and light, for example, do not occupy space and have no mass. Consider the different forms of matter and energy in this picture. 3 Chem 100 Spring 2014 Classification of Matter We classify matter so that we can understand it better. One way to classify matter is as pure substances or mixtures. 4 Matter Pure Substances Mixtures Chem 100 Spring 2014 Classification of Matter – Pure Substances Pure Substances: have the same composition throughout, and from sample to sample. can be further classified as either elements or compounds. 5 Pure Substances Elements Compounds Chem 100 Spring 2014 Pure Substances - Elements An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances even by a chemical reaction. 6 Chem 100 Spring 2014 Elements and their Symbols Element symbols often consist of one...
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...of metals have been discovered. Not only have we discovered these metal but are able to combine these different metal properties to create a hybrid metal called alloys. Alloys combine the different properties of these metals into one solid metal. Metals today have varieties of shapes, color, luster and uses. Metals such as silver and gold were used as medium of exchange, copper and aluminum are used in electrical cables, ships and aircraft are built from duralumin, kitchen utensils are made of steel and the list goes endless. Uses of metal is an integral part of human history and civilization. In fact, the use of metal is said to be one of the differentiating factor between man and animals. The study of metal is known as metallurgy. Chemistry of...
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...Dr. Roy Plunkett created Polytetrafluoroethylene also known as Teflon in 1938 after receiving his PhD in organic chemistry and took job with DuPont in Jackson, New Jersey. Dr. Roy was appointed to work on finding a non-toxic substitute refrigerant other than ammonia and sulfur dioxide. [1] Teflon was accidently invented when Dr. Roy and his assistant, Jack Rebok, were experimenting with one of the potential refrigerants; tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and he consequently produced around 100 lbs of gas and stored them in cylinders. Upon opening the valve after few days even though the cylinder was full when weighed nothing was coming out as the gas inside the cylinder was solidified. Dr. Roy and his assistant decided to cut the cylinder into half and once they managed to open the cylinder they discovered that the gas in the cylinder had been converted into a white waxy powder...
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...CH 111: General Chemistry Dr. Ananda M The University of Dodoma, Tanzania Teaching Compendium on General Chemistry (CH 111) by Dr. AnandaMurthyM.Sc., M.Phil., Ph.D. Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, College of Natural &Mathematical Sciences, The University of Dodoma. UDOM- Study Material 2013-14 Page 1 CH 111: General Chemistry Dr. Ananda M Preface The importance of learning chemistry cannot be overemphasized. In this regard, all branches of chemistry contribute to the overall role that chemistry plays in daily life. The course content of CH 111 is designed to bridge the gap between the high school and the undergraduate chemistry, with respect to some fundamental topics in chemistry for first year chemistry students. This compendium will be helpful to the students, due to its relevance to the course content and will promote better understanding of the subject matter. It is intended to enable students to achieve the learning objectives and learning outcomes of CH 111 by being a quick reference to learners. The author of the compendium has presented the contents in a simplified manner by using various illustrations, including structures, tables, figures, and other relevant information to help the learner understand easily. This compendium will, to greater extent, help in understanding the basic concepts in chemistry. Dr. J.J. Makangara Senior Lecturer, Department of Chemistry, Former Dean, School of Physical Sciences, College...
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...only are there many kinds of welding, but there is one that has to do with everybody’s favorite topic in chemistry, thermochemistry! That type of welding is called thermite welding. We all know that thermite can be dangerous and can destroy things, but with the railroads it can put things back together. “A blast furnace that fits in a vest pocket.” “In 1893, a German chemist, Dr, Hans Goldschmidt, was in Berlin, developing a process that could weld thick sections of steel together in the field. While doing that he made the process of thermite welding on accident. With that accident he discovered that thermite...
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...States of Matter Gases, liquids and solids are all made up of microscopic particles, but the behaviors of these particles differ in the three phases. The following figure illustrates the microscopic differences. | | | Microscopic view of a gas. | Microscopic view of a liquid. | Microscopic view of a solid. | Note that: * Particles in a: * gas are well separated with no regular arrangement. * liquid are close together with no regular arrangement. * solid are tightly packed, usually in a regular pattern. * Particles in a: * gas vibrate and move freely at high speeds. * liquid vibrate, move about, and slide past each other. * solid vibrate (jiggle) but generally do not move from place to place. Liquids and solids are often referred to as condensed phases because the particles are very close together. The following table summarizes properties of gases, liquids, and solids and identifies the microscopic behavior responsible for each property. Some Characteristics of Gases, Liquids and Solids and the Microscopic Explanation for the Behavior | gas | liquid | solid | assumes the shape and volume of its container particles can move past one another | assumes the shape of the part of the container which it occupies particles can move/slide past one another | retains a fixed volume and shape rigid - particles locked into place | compressible lots of free space between particles | not easily compressible little...
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...and their environments Deep down on the ocean floor there are hydrothermal vents that can reach up to 405oC. There are organisms around these vents that can survive in temperatures ranging from 41 to 122oC, those organisms are thermophiles, or lovers of heat (Madigan, 2006 and Demina et al., 2016). The thermophiles that are found near these deep sea vents have no access to light and survive off of the energy and carbon dioxide that comes from the vents. They are anaerobic and manage to live without oxygen. These chemosynthetic thermophiles support entire ecosystems of clams, tubeworms, shrimp, and other organisms who live in the cold water and eat them. Some believe that hydrothermal vents may have been where life started on earth. The chemistry of the vents “and the core energy metabolic reactions of some modern prokaryotic autotrophs’ share “striking parallels” (Martin et al. 2008). These thermophiles that live near the hydrothermal vents do not only have to survive the intense heat in the surrounding areas but the massive pressure from being thousands of meters under sea level. An organism that thrives at high pressures is called a piezophile or barophile. These organisms have a waxy cell layer that helps them survive the crushing pressures found below the sea. It has been difficult for studies to be done on such organisms because of the pressure and temperature barrier. A study done on bacteria from the Mariana trench concluded that “much of deep-sea microbiology may have...
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